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Gc  M.  L. 

977.101     . 
Au4s  '' 

1681080 


REYNOLDS  HISTORICAL 
GENEALOGY  COLLECTION 


ALLEN  COUNTY  PUBLIC  LIBRARY 


3  1833  0179 


0552 


EARLY  HISTORY 


-OF 


Auglaize  County.  (^^'^ 


By  J.  D.  SIMKINS. 


SUPERINTENDENT  PUBLIC  SCH'30LS, 
ST.  MARYS,  OHIO. 


PUBLISHED  BY  THE  AUTHOR. 


THE  AKGUS  P^RINTING  COMPANY. 
ST.  MARYS,  OHIO. 


By  j.  D.  SIMKINS. 


I'.y  .1     I).  sIM  KIN- 


BEFORE  MAX  ("AM!:  INTO  n^iii:  W(M!T.D. 

If  rlio  earth  is  100,0no,niX)  years  old,  A uu-lai/e  enmity,  us  well  as  all  tli.- 
rt\sr  of  cur  ])Uinet,  was  wirhout  any  I'i-iu'r  or  aiiiiii:.!  for  xhc  lirst  liali  ni 
this  rime.  Uuriiiir  the  t^'arlirr  ])arr  of  this  lir-st  .lO.in.io^uoo  years,  tht-far;!i 
must  have  beeu  so  hot  that  all  tho  water  now  on  the  land  and  in  rhi-  sci 
w-is  in  The  f'-rii)  :>f  v.qjor  .-uul  in  th-.'  air  :.!i<)\f  :  \.iiili^  dui-iiur  llie  last  i.ar; 
of  It,  oer  coiuitv  was  undtn"  the  water  (tf  th<iiHitnui._  .^'ari-cl  v  aiiv    hxuii' 

•-"--'':■•;'"■—'■•'•■  1681080        ■ 

On  ring  the  next  ,25.000.1  too  y,>ar>.  'mreount.s'  \v;i->tili  under  water  1i!i* 
the  sea  was  then  inluihited  mostly  l).v  shell-iish  much  reseinblniL''  tl.e 
mn.-eie>  or  clams  alon'ji:  our  ])resent  streams  and  h.v  some  sea  olanTs. 
When  these  aiunials  died,  their  shells  droi>)K>d  to  tlie  bottom  and  f'>r!m  d 
1  he  limestone  that  covers  onr  eoimty  under  the  clay.  Makini^  this  roejc 
would  i<e  a  slow  proeess.  Some  places  an  inch  of  stone  mii;'lit  form  :n  a 
liundred  years  ;  while  in  others,  t)ver  a  thousand  years  mii:cbt  be  retpiired. 
'IMiis  limestone  under  us  is  very  thick.  It  is  tlie  [)nnei]ial  rook  tlirou.'h 
winch  (tur  oil-well  drillers  ■{)ass  to  the  de))th  of  a  tliMusand  feet,  and  \i 
they  were  to  ^o  two  thousand  feet  deeper,  they  would  still  tind  limes! nn  '. 
'i'he  tinu!  re(juired  must  have  been  very  loni;-  in  oi-der  to  make  such  a  >-re.>i 
tiiiekness  hy  >ueh  a  slow  process.  You  may  t'asily  lind  a  ])ieee  of  l.iii  '- 
siorie  showiiiv;-  tlie  fossil  sludls  of  which  it  is  eom]j'ised. 

About  •.'."),U(J(),U()U  vears  airo  our  county  arouse  out  of  tlu>  sea  and  ha^ 
remained  our  ever  since.  It  has  recihved  no  moi-t;  hmesttiuo  de])o>iis  i-, 
all  that  time  ;  but  on  the  contrarv,  the  top  has  bei-n  weatliei'in;.':  aii.i 
washin.ir  away.  Prohal-lv  tlu^  u[>per  four  hundred  feet  has  hetni  w<um,  ,.•: 
and  earned  to  the  sea  ;-t!i;i.t  is,  our  county  would  be  that  many  fe  r 
higher  if  time  had  nor  weathei-ed  the  surlace  and  carrieu  it  awaw  Tii.' 
ocean  havintr  r{;treated,  of  c(jurse  no  sea  animals  or  plants  h.ave  liveil  -le;- 
within  this  ]>er!od,  Itur  laud  animals  and  plants  have,  taken  llieir  plac  '■,. 
Only  a  fi'.w  tliousand  years  ago,  a  .great  ice-sheef  came  down  from  tlse 
nurtli  und  citvered  up  our  limestone  to  the  depth  of  a  hundred  fr{)t  wit.'i  ,! 
Iilaiiket  of  ela.v,  sand,  and  gra  Vtd  ;  and  o!'  course  tht;  limestone  iias  ji". 
w-oru  olf  any  since  that  tim-.'.  ( 'ar  e, tuuty  was  not  iuhatiited  by  man  un 
til  after  tins  clay  luul  '.y^-n  de])0>ii:ed. 

The  times  nuaitione.l  above  ir;-e  l]u>  lov.-est  estimates  of  the  best  autli.)r- 
ilies.  As  yt^t,  man  has  not  l)een  fJie  to  rc'luce  the  jigure.-^  for  groloLOc 
time  to  a  certatnt.v.  Tiowcver.  one  thna-  is  t(U'tain  : — lime  is  so  huij  that 
>  ou  I'aii  not  thintv  back  to  it.-^  hcgnniau  nor  jorward  to  its    end.     Try    il. 

1 


THE  K^^f-JULMAL'X.— TliK  ICIOACiF.. 

Not  L-^s  tliMii  oO.OOO  yours  auo,  a  TUitunfuin  ol'  iff  rm-iin'tl  no;ir  lliuK  tu 
Bay  ill  Caiiuilu.  It  bO('am<' so  liiitli  that  tlir  ici' jlowtnl  unt  in  all  difcrtin!::-, 
coveTinij:  u  Itiri^'o  pai-t  ol'  JXortli  Anu'rifa.  'J'iic  \v\'  may  have  b.^-n  a  tliiui-<- 
antl  I'm't  thicl;  in  our  ooimty  for  it  wi'ut  over  tlu'  ro])s  of  the  liiUs  in  !hi' 
coiin'y  a'lioinini;-  onvs  on  tlv;  srtntlvast,  which  are  ov<n"  sfvcn  hniidml 
f«n't-  "iiii;h('*r  liian  iiorth.-wcsttTn  Aiurlai/.c. 

'i'ho  Au'-rlaizo  anil  JSt.  ^hlrys  rivors  rise  in  ovir  founty  and  flow  iioi'th- 
wpst  ;  and  th(>  Wahash  risos  in  tho  St.  ^farys  rt-sorvoir  and  Hows  noitli- 
\vosr  foi' the  Ih'st^  eiLrhty  niilos.  A!ti'r4ho  icoshci't  liad  nu-lti-il  dlV  mui- 
rouniy  it  still  chijkfd  the  vaiU'ys  of  thi'so  riv(M-s  no)-t!i  and  west  of  u.-. 
'L'ln'ir  wjilt-rs  l;ein.;-  iinahU^  to  .;-fai-..'.  f'  vnu'd  Laice  Wahasli.  'j'hc  ii\'  \..i~ 
the  ii^'rlli'.M-ii  Nvall  of  liiis  lake  anil  the  diiferent  rid'^es  t!;at  ]iass  thnaadi 
our  eoiiuty  fornu'd  the  soutliern  sht>re. 

'Til:'  HiCiitinu^  n-e  and  snov-:.  touether  with  the  rain,  birnied  an  onornirius 
anionut  of  water  : — si>  much  that  even  the  hasin  of  LaivC  "SVuhash  eouUl 
not  hold  ii  As  the  wali-i-s  of  tiic  hilce  arose,  they  overilinved  tlie  rith^e 
that  iias.so.s  throu-^h  Celina,  St.  ^hirys.  and  \Vai)akoneta.  and  out  notcbe.--, 
o3'  wa)ev-i;:a|>s  onf  of  it  Stret'-]!  a  s'l'iti'':  f'-oiii  lhe  ten  of  iV-e  hill  in  w-.-l" 
St.  iMarys  across  tlie  river  to  the  ( 'liain  \Vc»rks  in  east  St.  Marys.  Jt  will 
.,.■  iv.-r'ii;:v  f^■.  t  fro'n  the  ^!i:n:v  v>  vi.e  \w:>:i-  m  '.\\.-  -iV'-a:!.  h.-I"W.  'I'h;.- 
•.miica-os  the  a!;iounr  of  oartli  that  was  i-einoved  in  inakin'j,'  tlie  v/att-r  i:;i:) 
at  St.  Marys.  There  is  a  siniiliar  one  cut  in  the  same  riduo  at  \Vai)aki>- 
rieta  ('fj.  Aftei- the  rusliinii,- waters  passed  south  tlii-ou'-di  the  '/a])  at-  St. 
Marys,  tliey  -pread  oat,  slowed  U]),  and  depositi-d  tlie  e-nortnous  amoiiiit 
of  !i:ravi'l  found  ar  that  ]>lace.  As  the  bed  of  the  river  at  \Va])aiv-onc-ta  is 
uuly  about  ten  ft  et  higher  than  the  river  at  St.  Marvs.  the  uravel  I  !ii:ks 
at  that  vilace  wen;  ])rohal)ly  made  the  same  way.  If  t;ie  waters  o\'  L.ake 
Wabash  coiitrrmtHl  to  rise,  they  would  soon  overll'-w  Celiini,  St.  .M;irys. 
.and  \Va])akoueta.  ^vhieh  uro  at  about  tlie  same  level,  and  linally  reach,  flu- 
ridu'i^  in  tlie  southern  ]>a.rt  oi.'  the  county,  whicli,  at  Nisw  liremen,  is  nine 
ty  feet  hi^dier  tha,Ti  the  to]>  of  the  rid.L'e  at  St.  Marys.  Or,  statmv';  it  m 
another  v.-av  :— If  the  waters  of  our  ])resent  St.  Marys  re.st>rvoir,  a  rem- 
nant of  Lake  V.'abash,  should  ri.se  untU  they  rea'-hed  Xev/  L'rem.-n,  th.' 
lake  formed  woul.l  be  ninety  t\-et  drr].  at  tin-  bi-hcs'.  c'a-.-.itiou  in  St. 
M;irvs.  one  hundred  and  forty  leet  (le,-]»  in  tlie  I'iv.'r  ])ottoms,  one  linn 
drrd  and  thirty  feet  dee]i  in  the  Aui.',iai/.e  bMttoms  at  Wai-akoneta  and  m 
south  ('elina. 

(f  th"  -vvab'rs  of  L;)ke  ^\'abaSIl  stdl  continued  to  rise,  thev  overllo.vid 
tlie  St.  .lohn's  ridice  at  X(nv  lb-emeu,  I'rev'nur.^'  or  near  St.  Johns.  Ihit 
thi?  nd  '-e  at  A't-w  l^-t^inen  is  niwie  than  tv/enty  miles  broad  and  i.s  part  «'t 
thi!  j-vreat  stale  wat<n'-shed  v.liieh  is  more  tlian  twice  as  wide  at  tliis  t-evu 
as  anywhen^  else  in  <  >hio.  It  nnisl,  be  wi-h-  and  l.v.'h  foi-  tlien-  is  no  l"'.k 
in  the  canal  b.-twcen  New  Bremt-nand  Lockmutfai  over  twenty  miles  tn  t!:<> 
south.  If  the  walt-r  evor  did  tlow  over  this  hroad  rid-eat  this  place,  it  mu-f 
liave  been  in  a  verv  ihin  sheet  as  It  cut  no  war.-r-aiK  In  ..rder  to  find  ;\ 
more  probable  out i.-t.  l.x.k.  at  a  mai)  of  AuMlai/.-  county.  l>r;i\'«;  a  stnu'.v 
tliTOUuh  X(nv  Bremen,  rr.wour'.'.  S<  .  .lohns.  and  ov.  eastward.  This  Imr  rep- 
resents tlie  S(nith.>rn  slion;  oL  I.aice  Wabash  and  als<»  locates  the  f^f .  .l.-jms 
-id"-e  t]iron'j;;h  v/iiiclt  its  v.'ater.-,  must  liu<l  an  outlet.  The  p-atler  has  jnoh 
ahlv  noticfdthe  ^vatev-t-ap  m  tix- < -.Iter  rid-eat  St.  Mavvs.     V.\'ll.  Ihcn-isa 


THF.  F..s.^ri.M.\u.\'.— Tin:  in:  .\<,v. 


similar  one  oasl  of  St.  .lohiis.  It  is  ([uito  jn-olviblo  Tl);it  tho  wnto.v  \vi<--rn 
throuirh  this  instoad  of  over  the  riilirc  tit  Now  Bronicu.  Tho.  n-lativo  ulri. 
tudo  of  tin- two  plu-i^s  w.iuM  s.Mtk'  this  (luostioii.  After  -;-uini;-  tiir'.'U-.:  h 
the  .^ap,  throuirii  \vhich  the  MiicluMiippe  now  ilows.  the  wati.-r  tlivithd. 
soino  v;ohvs;  sourh  throutrh  the  A[?fiini  and  sotiio  tliroui^h  the  Seiofo.  Tlie 
wi(l3  vaUey  of  the  upper  ?>Ii)!7ni  is  i>roof  th;it  an  eiiornions  v.ihnno  .>f  \,-:it.'r 
once  flowt-d  tliroii-h  ir  ainl  p.i-<']i;!}.]y  a  ])art  i.f  this  r-anie  from  our  In!:.- 
Wahasli.  Wliile  most  « if  this  county  was  heneuth  tliis  Lake,  it  is  not 
likely  that  its  waters  reaeluvl  the  norlh-e;istorn  eoi-ner  esiM-cially  if  it  iia^ 
an  aUitndt;  of  r)Vii  feet  greater  tluni  the  north-western  corner,  as  one 
writer  states.  The  lake  did  not  last  very  lor.L' or  it  Avi.nld  havi;  nuide  a 
^andy  beacli  alona^  its  southern  shore. 

In  the  Old  World  durin-j;  llu-  leo  AL;e,  n)an  lived  in  rnv^s  at  the  foot 
of  the  (41aciers.  Tlie  11<(iuiiaau.\' 7utw  livt^  in  the  fri^/.!!  arr-a  of  Xi^rt'i 
America.  When  the  Norsemen  di-^eo  vend  t  Ids  eivantry  afi'Kit  tlie  year 
lUUO,  they  found  the  Atlantic  coast  ])eo])].^il  with  dwarfish  sava^-e  Indians. 
These,  however,  had  rnovt-d  far  to  the  north  ])efore  Columbus  landtvl  fiY(^ 
hundred  years  later.  So.  in  very  early  times  when  tlie  cliniate  was  very 
cold,  this  people  may  have  lived  here  and.  later,  followed  the  ice  in  its 
retre.at  to  the  nortli.  If  they  avct  dwelt  here.  ]<owev(^r,  no  eviden.r,^  -,t 
the  fact  lias  been  discov( -red.     Xoia- of  th<Mr  tools    l^ave    lieen    f^vand    M' 


:n  I.:.'  ;~:j';;;;l     ;  o,ir  u.uwi  JKini^s. 


If  the  I]s(]ui?riaux  livc(Vhi're  .iii.-t  after  the  Gla.'ial  Asj-e,  wluni  i;Vf-a1 
dams  were  washiiii^  oat  and  enormous  Hoods  spreudin^-  over  tlie  plain--; 
and  valley.,  7>v.T.y  of  theni  must  have  Imh^u  dr.iwne.l.  Tlie  dohn^tow; 
flood  wa<  a  mere  road-side  gutter  comjiared  wirii  the  swirliUir  '<ea--  iif  i,  •• 
water  that  broke  their  dams  in  AuLclai/e  county.  As  tlie  i<v  sht>et  touL'lit 
l.'aek  and  forth  across  ottr  county  .several  times  T)efi)rc  it  siirnitdercd, 
tlu'se  lb  .Oils  may  have  been  often  repeated,  A'jain  tbi.-  water- uaps  woiiM 
Itecome  c!ir)ked  with  lloa tini^  icfber,<rs  and  forces  the  torrent's  to  cut  ne-w 
ourleis  ;  or,  if  the  ico-dam  should  trive  way,  the  Lake  wovdd  apain  rush 
tbrouuli  the  old  channel.  The  uap  that  was  washed  out  of  the  ridse  at" 
St .  .\h'.rys  is  over  fifty  feet  deep.  Like  the  later  Tndia.n  crnioe  that  p;id- 
di.',;  thr'iU'jli  our  waste-weirs  or  descrilx^d  the  curves  of  onr  windiin- 
(.••';ims,  huiito-iystal  ships  broke  th('ir  mooi-inL-'sin  the  northi^rn  ice  liurbor 
■  -l  not  only  ^ailed  tlirouL^'h  our  water  'rajts  Init,  at  times,  over  the  very 
tot  the  i-i>l;;e  at^  Wapalconefa,  St.  .Mar>s,  <"elina.and  interminliale 
]*!aees.  It  i>  a  stra,n,ii:e  thouu'lit  tiiat  the  peonle  of  these  cities  nov/  pursue 
'  hell- several  voeatiems  on  tiitMloor  of  the  old  jilacier  wlunv  once,  they 
■A..ul<l  !!,t\e  b.'en  a  t!ion-;und  feet  under  itn""  ;  that  they  enjoy  their  S'K'i.d 
pi>:t-;ures,  ciiMduct  their  scIk'ioIs,  attend  their  clmrehes,  on  ti;e  bed  of 
ancient  ]..a.ki^  WalKish  wliose  waters  once  rolie<l  a  hundi'e(l  feet  o^■er  h"ad  ; 
that  th(\v  iHvv  lie  down  to  sloe])  with  tlie  knowled'j-e  that  irreat  iceherL's 
one<?  iloatcd  dirtjctly  over  tlioin  -.--and  all  without  riMnemlun-inLr  tliat  lomc 
Ic.ni^  befoi-e  all  this.  Auid;.'!/.''  county  was  the  bottom  of  tlie  miirhty  ocean. 
Different  writers  state  that  m.au  lived  in  ()hio  durin-,'  the  A'jf<?  of  I'n- 
])oli,v.h.,.,t  Stone,  includini;-  the  L-.'  Aue,  Itur  the  v/riler  floubt-^  the  evidence 
>n  what  he  e>usii[.'rs  equally  as  reliahle  autfioi-itv.  n."d'i><  not  h-lieve 
*  h;it  tticTV' is  cinvluswe  ])roof  that  niin  ever  lived  in  tlie  I'niteil  States 
•'.  i1  bin  the  I' npolislji  il-stoiie  Al'-c  :  hut  Ikms  quite  williu":  to  believe  aii<l 
'to,'>  1i(;lie\e  that  ma  !•  oil  live  Jcn-  witidn  this  jjeriod,  or  .soon  .after,  an<l 
'.hat  t  he  evidiTict'  v.il!  vet  ix/ found. 


a  n 


Tllf.  K.-OllMAl  X  —  TirK  IcK  .\r,K. 


Tho  i^hic-it-r  It'll  tliroc  l■l^l,i.■^'^-  in  our  cnuiity  all  cxtiMKlinu'  «nisl  anl 
wost.  The  St.  M;irys  ridu-f,  or  moraine,  passes  tliroui^li  Kos.-.iirli  ;  the  \Va- 
l):is]i.  fhrnuLih  Colinu,,  St.  Marvs.  -nid  Wai>a]:on»'ra  :  and  tlit>  St.  .iolm-, 
through  2ni'\v  Bri'iniMi,  Freybviri^,  and  St.  .lolins.  Many  an  H.^juinianx  nia  ■ 
have  lieon  chased  to  these  elevations  from  our  lower  lands  to  eseape  tli' 
mad  rush  of  ri.siuir  \vaters  that  followed  at  his  heels  :  at  anotlier  season., 
many  u  little  ^NL'uonaek  may  have  driven  her  ilo^s  and  .-^led  from  Ii'T 
snow-house  around  the  vaee-track  on  our  erystal  ].>lains  hounded  !a' 
amphitlieaters  of  resplendent  ice  ;  niany  a  ])1an  may  have  heen  laid  alovi.;" 
our  shores  of  hroken  ice  to  capture  the  wild  animals  now  found  iri  the 
fro/en  Arctic  seas  only.  All  this,  howi-ver  is  only  prohahility  so  far  a- 
the  Esquimaux  of  the  early  Stone  Af.^e  is  concerned.  Thi^  L-e  People  ma  ' 
))>}  leaving  no  permtment  reniains  in  tlie  Arctic  reuions  now  ;  they  may  !ia  v  • 
liv»>d  here  and  I'ft  nimt!.  liijwever.  one  thinii'  is  etntain  : — what  ('irifi 
land  now  is,  Auiilai/.e  comity  once  was.  The  ice  ship.->  that  sail  from  h.  r 
hordcr  to  he  stranded  on  the  hanks  oi  Xewfoundkunl  are  like  tlii^se  th.iT 
ran  ashore  on  the  tops  of  our  ridires.  The  ulacier  that  covers  (Trernlai  d 
is  the  reninanr  e)f  the  one  that  huried  our  county  lirst  undt'r  ice  anil  th-u 
linder  clav. 


TIIK  SHKLL  PElVPLK.— THK  AGE  <"»F  MASTODONS. 

Finally  tlie  irreat  ice  sheet  melted  ofT  of  the  lower  courses  of  onr 
norUi  tiowiuL^  ri^-ers  an.<l  Lake  Wahash  was  drained  through  them  i  Me 
Same  ;is  it  wouhi  he  if  it  existed  today.  After  the  warm  C'haniplain  Period 
had  Caused  a  lank  veuetation  to  sjn-injj:  up.  a  larije  nxunher  of  mastod<  iis 
made  their  lirst  ap])earance  liere.  This  tinimal  was  very  mueh  like  tiie 
elt^phant  hut  ahout  one-third  lnri<er.  The  hody  of  one  oi'  those  found  in 
Auglaize  {;ounty  was  seventeen  feet  in  lenu:th  from  the  front  part  of  the 
shoulder  to  the  hasc^  of  the  tail  and  eleven  feet  in  heiirht.  I'he  tu-k^ 
v/ere  twenty-eight  inches  in  cii-cumterence  at  the  lariicst  i)lac(\ 

Tlu!  mastodon,  or  majnmoth,  reached  its  /.enith  liei-e  in  numher  and 
.si/e  during  th.is  ])<'riod.  Do  not  make  time  tfx^  short.  This  aninial  mav 
noi  ha\'t^  (M>me  here  for  thousands  of  years  after  th(>  ire  was  melted  and 
may  have  lived  here  a  thousand  years  after  it  did  come.  'J'his  ixTioii, 
which  followed  the  Glacial  Aire,  was  vry  warm — s.)  warm  that  lii.- 
nuistod«jn  even  lived  heyond  the  Arctic  Cucle.  Oui-  elimite  then  inav 
Jiavt'  heen  similar  to  that  of  ti-opi-al  countries  at  prestMit. 

The  remains  of  this  hairy  elephant,  oi-  mammoth,  are  found  in  V.:.:-. 
land,  S<^-otland,  Ireland,  S])ain,  Italy,  Central  Europe.  Xorihi-rn  Asia,  and 
]Siort h  Amei'ica  .  They  are  most  numerous  along  tlie  Avctie  coast  of  S\- 
])eria  from  tne  mouth  of  the  Ol)''  eastward.  As  many  as  a  hundn-d  imii- 
of  tnsks  a  year  Wf?-e  gathered  for  the  ivory  trade,  and  this  for  a  period  ot 
two  hundred  years,     'j'he  tu>.ks  are  about  ten  teet  lonirand  curve  upward. 

Tills  animal  ate  reeds,  srrasses.  and  Imshes  which  tlu'  warm  wi>r  .Imm;  !-• 
]>voduced  in  ureal  abundant  >.      ^V^•    h.ave    r.vid    of    great    hulTalo    herd-.  • 
imagine  a  large  number  of  Imut*  mammoDis  plovving  through  th»   s\v.:ni  >- 
of  Auglai/.e  and  you  may  have  a  ntnv   picfur*\     P.eing    very    heavy.    .-    c 
of  them  wovdd  accidentally  get  into  our  min's.    sink,  and  ]ierish.      \'>  i     . 
ihiir  liodies  were  cov<-red  with,  water  and  eai-th,  they  would  l)c  ]ri'..  rvc  1 


TirK  SUFJ-l,  PKOPLK. — 'lllir  AOK  <>K  Tril'.  MAKToj"  )?;s.  H 

for  Tininy  3'ears.  Wo  may  (^\i)0('t.  to  lind  the  romuins  of  other  curly  lii-rli- 
eating  uninuils  in  thi>J  co\inty.  such  as  t]\o  nuisk-ox,  inooso,  caribou  and 
sloth.     They  have  heeii  found  -scmth  of  ns. 

Parts  of  the  skeletons  of  eis<ht  mastodons  have  heen  found  in  our 
county  ;  also  the  remains  of  a  heaver  as  largo  as  a  Ijlaek  h(\ir.  These?  niay 
liavo  been  preserved  thousjinds  of  years  ; — certainly  not  less  tluni  oi\e 
thousand.  Were  thev  in  creat  ininihers  or  did  they  liv(^  hero  a  long 
tiiueV  Prohahly  both.  ll'.)\v  few  ot  all  the  anijiials  now  living  in  our 
county  will  leave  any  remains  for  the  pe^tjilo  vrho  may  dwiill  here  thuu- 
sands  of  years  hence":'  ilow  largo  a  number  of  mastodons  nmst  have 
liveil  and  died  in  our  county  to  enable  us  to  discover  th(?  remains  of  eight 


r?'^- 


^k. 


M  H 


^iJ^vV^-^^^j 


'^^^^^lzii^y::&i^^i:i^^^^ii^.i^^^-''''ii^  .^^^ 


MASTODON. 

How  many  arc  yet  to  be  discovered — when  you  remember  what  a  small 
])ro])ortion  of  tiie  surface  has  been  excavated?  The  skeletons  are  genm-- 
ally  found  in  a  standing  posture.  Besid(>s  tliose  that  were  swampiHl  in 
the  jniri!,  some  nuiy  have  been  caught  by  the  frequent  high  waters  that 
nuist  have  Hooded  our  low-lands  at  times. 

LOCATION  OF  iriH  MASTODON  : 

No.  1  was  fouud  in  Clay  township  in  ls70.  Prof.  C.  W.  WiUiamson, 
of  Wa])akoneta,  bus  a  larire  part  of  tlie  skeU  ton. 

No.  '^  was  vmearthod  in  Clay  township  one  mile  west  of  numl>er  f)ne. 
Tlie  remains,  two  k  gs  and  the  'feer,  are  now  at  lleidell)erg  College  at 
TilUn,  Ohio. 

No.  o  was  discovered  on  Route's  farm  one-half  mile  east  of  Wa))ako- 
neta.     The  reinuins  crumbled. 

No.  •!  was  found  in  Monlton  township.  It  also  crumbled  on  being  ex- 
posed to  the  air. 


0  TRK  J-HKLL  PF.OPl.K.  —  Till;  A(iF.  OK  TllK  MAS  TdIm  )NS. 

No.  5  WHS  unearthed  in  Wayne  townsliip  about  ]  s.s."),  while  a  ditcli 
was  beinq:  made. 

No.  Ci  \va.*^  discover. 'd  in  WayuiMownshi])  by  S;iniu<>l  Cvait:;  in  ISOI. 
The  only  part.s  found  W(>ro  two  vi>rti'brae.  No  oxiMvalions  have  siiu-c 
been  made. 

No.  7  was  found  on  Calvin  Sibert's  farm  in  Thiebonqnet  townslu]) 
about  1>*,U.  It  was  unearrhiHl  wliilr  ditcliinu'.  'I'll*'  tuslvs  were  cut  oil  liy 
\vorkmen  and  carried  to  J.'>y;an  courity.  No  furtlier  (>xeavations  liavc> 
been  made. 

No.  8  was  a  mastodon  eaU  and  the  most  ])erfeot  skeleton  yet  found 
in  the  county.  It  was  uueartlu'il  in  a  pinid  in  llie  southern  ])art  of  I'u- 
sheta  township  alxnit  Is'j'A  and  was  four  f(H't  lonir,  tlirt>e  fret  in  hciudit, 
and  had  tusks  about  one  toot  in  Icnurli.  It  Nvas  kept  witlioiit  pi'opcr  care 
uivtil  it  disintc'^'rated  and  beciime  wr)i-t!dess. 

No  9  was  not  a  mastodon  b'li;  a  beaver-like  animal  as  larcf  as  a  li];i(M: 
bojir  and  known  as  Castorcndos  Oliioensis.  It  was  found  buried  in  i^iavrl 
in  the  bed  of  a  pond  a  mile  soutli-east  of  New  Knoxville. 


s?«?"^' 


</*^r,;_U^- 


AS  THE  MA.STOOOX  LOOKKO  IN  AUOLAIZE  0<)UNTY. 

The  mastodon  a])]t"ari'd  in  t)i'^  wiald  bcf(n-e  the  cleiiliant  and  shades 
off  into  that  animal  witii  no  sensible;  distinctii^n.  Tlie  oldf'>>t  reinaiTis  ;ii-f 
found  in  Siberia  :ind  belong  to  the  middle  of  th(^  Au:e  of  Mammals  which 
was  lomc  Ix'fore  the  u-lacial  i)eriod.  The  tusks  of  tlie  Siberian  mastodon 
cursed  u])ward  to  threr^-fourths  of  a  circle.  The  same  spcci«\s  is  found  in 
northern  l^ii'.dind  and  liUrojie.  Iti  Kuro])c '.>  dWVerent  species  have  1>een 
found  ;  in  Kn.L,')and,  'i  ;  in  lialia.  a  ;  in  North  America,  1 ;  in  Soutli  America, 
2  ;  and  one  or  more  in  Aiistralia.     Fourtet'U  sjn'cics  of  tlu>   cli'i)]iant    luive 


THK  SUKLL  I'KOl'LK.  — TllK  ACK  t  >K  THR  M  AST.  )T>o.\s.  7 

been  fouiul  and  a  Ihi-lmt  nuinl)or  of  rho  niastcKlon.  'J'liorc  arc  now  two 
living'  species  ot  the  elephant  ami  noiio  of  1  he  mastodon.  Wliite  elephaiits 
are  simply  all)inos.  lirniauis  havi>  been  1'. .und  ni  Vinrinia,  Now  .liTsry 
and  most  of  th(>  .)ld,T  ^>1ates.  Now  Yra-k,()liio.  Indiana,  (V.lorado,  Missonvi, 
and  a  hujidred  at  Bi<x  Bone  Salt-lick  in  Kcnitncky.  Account  for  the  laiL'.'> 
niimber  at  tlio  last-naTiied  plae(\ 

Look  at  the  accompanvi)ur  ])ictui-e  and  itiiaLrine  tlie  animal  seveulei-n 
I'Qot  Ion;,'  iH^tween  the  m>ck  and  tail,  eleven  fi'ct  hi<rh.  and  with  tusks  ov.m- 
two  fe(^.t  in  circumfei-ence  at  tlie  lar^'est  place.  It  is  dillicuit  for  us  to  reaii/o 
that  the  mammoth  was  once,  nuiuercms  in  om*  county. 

While  it  was  warmer  luM-e  tlian  now.  the  masti^don  jirobal.ly  did  not 
reach  tlie  Arctic  reuion  Jit  this  time.  Tliose  that  lived  here  wore  the  last 
si)ecies  of  this  animal.  The  very  earliest  (^m-s  were  th<^se  that  left  their 
remains  in  northern  Siltei-ia  lon;^^  before  t lie  Ice  A^re. 

What  became  of  the  mammoth  of  oui  county  and  continentV  A  very 
common  cause  of  extinction  of  l)oth  ]ilants  and  animals  is  starvalmn. 
When  the  land  became  drier  and  forests  displaced  the  bushes,  reeds,  and 
tall  ^M-asses  of  our  swamps,  this  animal  may  have  starved  out.  What 
became  of  the  larize  number  that  dii^l  a  natural  death?  Their  bodies 
were  left  on  the  dry  land  and  their  .skeletons  decomposed. 

The  mastodoji  lived  in  Kurone  before  the  u'lacial  perio.l,  ulso  durint;- 
it  and  ;■  1  trv  It  ;  ]-vs  he  di.i  ni>l.  ajijicur  ni  Ami-iu'a  unru  ai  tor  tin-  i^.v  A'j,t'. 
llo  lived  in  the  Old  World  lonir  before  he  did  in  the  Nev/  ;  but  in  the  Now 
lon^i;  aft(u-  ho  had  become  extinct  in  the  Old.  The  remains  of  man  are 
found  with  those  of  the  mammoth  in  Eui'ope.  Pictures  of  this  animal 
were  carved  on  stone  und  bone  by  |K!0])le  that  saw  him  alive,  and  li.'ft  for 
fiUropeans  to  discover.  The  sk(dt^tons  of  no  larL^e  llf>.'-h-eatinti;  mamniah. 
have  Ikh'U  found  in  our  county.  The  ab.sence  of  such  would  make-  if,  in 
this  respect,  a  particularly  .safe  and  desirable  place  in  which  to  dwidl.  So 
it  is  quitch  reasonable  to  sut^iiose,  but  not  at  all  ci-rtain,  that  man  lived  here 
when  the  mastodon  did.  it  would  take  more  evidence  to  establish  this 
as  a  fact. 

The  Shell  Peoi)li\  or  Midden  Men.  dwelt  alont^  water  cour.^os  and  lived 
lar<,^ely  u])on  shell-lish  .similar  to  the  Tuuseles  of  our  rivers.  They  ca.-t. 
tlu;  shells  aside  m  hea]»s  after  ivmovini;'  the  contents,  thus  makint;  i.'reat 
jnles  of  the  remains.  Many  of  these  li(\ips  have  beoji  found  alon^  our 
Atlantic  and  l'a(;itio  coasts,  on  tlie  shores  of  the  Great  Lakes,  as  well  as 
abmLi;  some  of  the  bays  and  rivers  of  this  country  and  Europe.  Some  nf 
these  remains  are  said  to  ])elon<i-  to  a  very  ])rimitive  racf;  while  some  are 
more  modern.  When  y«(U  art^  catching' or  eatin^Mish,  oyst-(n's,  or  claiu^ 
5'ou  rei)n^sent  the  MiddiMi  ^hnl. 

Th(^  Shell  People  may  have  lived  in  Auirlaize  county  l)ut,  if  so,  no  re- 
mains have  })een  discovered.  If  th(\v  ever  dwelt  here  it  may  have  bi^'u 
duriu;^  the  mastodon  period.  The  climate  was  wai-m  and  lakes  and 
streams  numerous.  Our  reservoir,  i)rairies,  a7id  bou's  win\'  then  small 
lak(>s  or  lari^c  ])onds.  Time  enouL^h  hail  ela])sed  sinc(^  the  Ice  At^e  for  tlie 
W'aters  ti)  become  stocked  with  .shell  lish.  The  shells  that  comp(^se  tiie 
marl  of  our  county  are  very  sniall  and  were  jtrobably  left  at  a  later  jx'riod  ; 
or  is  there  some  reason  why  thes(>  small  shells  mi-.rht  be  ])r(^served  and 
larger  ones  not  V  \S'ouid  the  small  ones  fall  to  tlu;  Ijottom  of  dee|x>r  wa- 
ter and  be  ])re.served,  while  thi>  lari^'er  f>nes,  such  as  clams,  ]>g  left  near 
the  shvu't'  and  hi'  worn  out  by  the  waves  oj-  decomi>ose(r:'     It  is  not    likely 


8  THE  CAVE  MRN  ; — C\AVV  hWV.l.l.YM^  ; — I'UKI'.LOS. 

that  the  sniull  ones  helon<j:ed  to  nnimiils  thut  wen'  usod  for  food  l)v  juun. 
All  this  is  conjf'cturo  so  far  us  tlu;  iihoA]  I'eoplo  iiro  concerned  with  the 
history  of  our  county. 


THE  CAYE  MEN  ;— CLIFF  DWELLEP.S  ;— FUERLDS. 

A\islai/o  county  is  covered  wilh  clay  to  tlie  aveni.G:e  de])t}i  of  one 
hundred  feet.  If  this  were  all  pLnvcd  and  scra)>ed  away,  the  limestone 
would  1)0  hare  axul  the  surface  liilly.  Sotuc  of  the  valleys  woidd  he  four 
hundred  feet  deep  and  some  of  the  slopes  so  steep  as  to  make  cjinyitns. 
Tlie.sc!  valleys  were  cut  in  tlie  limestoixe  by  nmniiitr  water  durinir  the  ,?."),- 
()(i(),oriO  yours  clDsini;  with  the  openina:  of  the  (il.-iciiil  Period.  Tlio  wuter 
not  only  cut  out  these  valleys  Ivat  jn-oliably  carried  away  tin-  wjiole  sur- 
face to  the  depth  of  four  hundred  feet  as  stated  before. 

The  icf-shei't  hrou-^dit  some  of  ou7-  clay  from  tlie  north  and  made  a 
part  hy  grinding  iip  our  local  rocks.  It  then  dumped  the  ma.ss  into  onr 
Viilleys  and  canyons  thus  leveling  otl"  the  surface.  Having  some  clay  left, 
it  next  covered  the  whole  county  with  it  to  an  averaire  de})th  of  oiui  liun- 
ilivd  fet:>t  and  finished  hy  making  our  three  ridges  which  rant^'o  in  heiu'lit 
iroui  a  few  let-r  ro  oy^'r  sixty. 

Man  might  have  found  caves  or  dug  them  in  our  rocky  hillsides  l)e- 
lore  the  valleys  were  tilled  with  clay  but  there  is  no  good  (nndence  That 
lie  lived  in  America  so  early.  The  Cave  Men  did  not  live  here  akthij  tho 
lining  of  the  valleys  l>ecause  the  rock  is  now  exposed  in  hut  one  ])liiei^  m 
our  county  and  that  is  in  the  bed  of  the  Auglaize  river  at  Ft.  Amanda  ; — 
a  poor  ])lacc  to  make  a  home.  Their  caves  are  foimd  in  rocks  not  in  elay. 
So  the  Cave  Men  ni^vcr  lived  hove.  In  many  of  the  natural  caverns  of 
America  and  Europe,  the  nnnain.s  of  early  hu7nan  b(>i7n:s  have  becm  found. 
In  Europe  man  lived  in  caves  at  the  foot  of  the  glaciers  during  the  h-<- 
Ago  ;  while  in  America,  he  occupii'd  them  at  a  later  time,  but  never  in 
Auglaiz<3  county. 

In  rugged  ])ortions  of  th.e  United  States,  soine  of  the  Cave  Dwellers 
might  become  ClilY  Dwellers  and  tlu»y,  in  tnrn,  move  to  the  valleys  and 
])lateaus  and  develoj)  into  Pui'l)los.  Neither  the  Cave  Men,  the  Clilf 
Dwellers,  nor  the  Pueblos  ever  lived  in  our  county  for  j-eusons  already 
ex])lained  or  apparent ;  while  it  is  quite  possible^  tiiat  the  Esquimaux  and 
Shell  People  may  have  made  this  their  home.  Tlie  Cave  Men  slill  live  along 
the  coast  in  Seothuid  and  the  lOsquimaux  in  the  Arctic  re;^'-ions.  It  is 
wrong  to  suppose  that  the  peo])le  of  one  aire  became  extinct  when  another 
appeared.  5hin,  in  all  ages  that  wc  know,  developed  from  in-eeeding  ])i co- 
pies who  often  overlai)ped  in  lim(\  Prol)ab]y  all  ages  of  the  known  i>a<t. 
all  known  degrees  of  savagery  and  barl>arism,  have  living  rt;])re.seiitatives 
today. 


TIIK  iMDliND  lU'ILDEKS. 

Tluwhunu'v'  tt)  ;i    wai-nuT    cHinatt'    und    ])ri-vl);iblv    thf    ;i])i)i';n-;n\ct>    ot 

^  III. n-o  powerful  oiunnios  dr. )V(»  the  I'^Mluiiniiu  from  AuL:lar/(<  couiitv  if  lie 

ovtu-  dwelt  licro.     Aniiuals  live  ui)on  tli(>  vc^icetublo  ki)i'.;doin.     Tlio  warm 

<'liam|)laiu  Period  bron-hT  a  dense  )-,l:.7il  icrowtli  and  that,  in  turn,  a  vast 

increase  in  the  numbei- and  species  of  animals.     If  the  Sliell  I'eople  livcl 

I  lien\   thoy   would  finally  leave  tlieir  middi'?is  and  turn  to  tlie  woods  for 

I  a  livint^  ; — venture  far  from  the  streams  ai\d  roam  llimuudi  our  fort>sis  m 

so.-ireh   of  trame.     'J'ho  lar:re  su]Ji)ly  of  fixnl  would  jn-obably  result  in  u 
I  Jari^-er  ])opulation.     This  increase  miLiliT  easily  reach  u  point  that  would 

I  overtax  tlie  food  sup])ly  and  lorce  tli"  ]>;o]»le  to  add  other  melhoils  ot 

i  snbsistance.     Au'iiculture  is  the  only  nu  ans  of  su])]K)rtinir  a  densi'  i)o]>n)a- 

I  tion  and  lh(\v  ])robahly  bei,Mn  to  clear  and  ])lant  and  rea])  as  weU  a«  lenif 

i  and  lish.     Induui  coin  may  have  been  planted  by   them  and  ground    m 

I  mortals  ]\o'.v  fL'und  in  nionnds.     At   least  Indian  corn  has  lieen  used  for 

I  food  so  loii^-  tliaf  it  is  impossibU^  lii  trace  it  to  its  wild  sUito.     There  is  no 

I  wild  corn  nc'w  and  never  has  been  v.ithin  the  memory  or ))lausibl(^  tradi- 

I  tions  of  man.     It  i-  true,  howevm',  that  it  was  ut  lirst  found    in  the  wild 

I  state  but  no  oni'  knows  when  or  where,  it  has  Ixen  so  lonir  ai:o. 

I  If  this  early  ]H>o])le  enL;'a,tr(Hl  in  a^n-iculture,  this  would  inci'case   their 

-!:!M,   ijaielie!'.  T'^-ir  civili/aTiou,  a;:, I   l.'-il  th.-m  t''^  iTovide  a  ilv'fe)i<e  for 
{  their  settlemenrs  aL'uinst  more  savage  or  ])')Werful  trilies  that  mi'_'ht  >.eek 

II  to  disi)lac(*  them.     Tht^  buildiiiir  of  nnmei-ous  mounds  was  the  result,  and 

I  thus  wo   have  the  Mound    Builders.     Whether  they  oriudnated   as   siilt- 

^■ested,  is  ])ur(^lv  conje<-tural,  but  one  tliinu'  is  cert^iin  : — the  Mound  Ihnld- 
ers  did  live  in  Au;^lai/tM''ouiHy .     Jt  is  said  that  tlun'e  is  a  mcniud  in  Shel- 
l)y  county  that  c-xtends  across  the  line  into  ours.     There  are  mounds  m 
.  other  crounties  around  us.     So  wo  have  come  to  a  peo])le  that  .we  know 

[  did  take  their  uaine  in  our  forests  and  wiu)  probably  tilled  our  soil  in  places. 

I  Jt  is  ntit  to  be  su])posed  that  their  settlements  wcn-e  confined  strictly   to 

f  the  locations  of  their  mounds  which  are  very  numerous.     They,  at  least, 

I  ventured  into  adjoinint;  t<u-ritory. 

f  The  Mound  l>ui!d(^rs  were  too  numerous  in  the  I'nited  States  to  liave 

t  lived  by  huntinir  and  fishing  alone  and  so  they  ])rol)al)ly  eniraLred  in  auri- 

\  cultur(\     The  nior(^  prosjjcroiis  tribes  madcMUore  ft)rmulable  wea])ons  of 

I  war,  devised  inon;  successful  means  of  ca])turinii-  wild  animals  for  food. 

t  selected  the  most  desirable  locations  for  settlenunits,  and  threw  u])  ein- 

b.inkments  for  defense  and  otlier  pur])(\ses.  No  doubt  but  som<>  of  the 
implements  of  the  Stone  Ai^o,  so  plei\tiful  in  our  county,  wen>  made  and 
Itift  henMjy  them.  We  find  axes,  hammers,  tomahawks,  balls,  mortars, 
IK'stles,  ])itted  stones,  tablets,  baninn's,  ornaments,  spear  heads,  and  arrow 
])oints.  Many  such  relics  have  Ihumi  found  ii\  their  mounds.  As  noi)ody 
would  claim  that  tho.-><^  found  in  the  mounds  were  all  that  they  kdt.  it  is 
.s.afe  to  oonclude  that  some  of  these  tools  and  weapons,  ])icked  up  in  all 
})arts  of  our  county,   were  left  by  thinn. 

Northwestern  Ohio  was  lar.u:ely  a  swam])  in  early  times  oxcciit  the 
rid'jje.-;,  at  loasr  durim;- the  rainy  season,  and  was  inh.abited  by  innumer- 
alile  mammals  and  buds.  TiH\<e  would  be  viM-y  enticini,'  to  the  wild  men 
of  Die  forest  ami  cause  tlu'm  to  locate  near  tlu^  food  supply.  Po.ssilily 
thi'v  did  not  US"  our  county  to  any  very  ^reat  (>\tent  as  a  ])ermaJient 
iionu;  bi>caii.se  of  our  swamps  but  mostly  as  a  liunlin^,'  sTOund,  judjrin;: 


10  fi:k-hi^t-)i:i('  Indians. — imi.i^hkd  .^ionk  .\(iK. 

from  the  scarcity  of  mounds.  Ono  can  easily  iinuj-nu^  thcni  ooii.-^JruefiuL' 
temporary  villages  of  skins  and  bark  along  our  ridges  while  on  their  hunt- 
ing exi)editions.  They  could  also  raise  nro]>s  alMn;-  the  ridgr-s  oven  if  lln-y 
o<^-iapied  them  for  ;i  ]iart  of  tlie  year  oidy.  In  stating  tliis  tlie  wiiTcr 
reah/.es  that  the  liuman  mind  is  generally  as  read.y  t«»  iuvejit  a  reason  as 
it  is  anxious  for  ont"*. 

If  the  Mound  Builders  engaged  in  atrricullure,  remeniher  it  ^vas  fmm 
necessity  and  not  from  eh<)ice.  They  wertf  forced  to  it  hi-causi^  the  wonds 
cnuld  not  supply  sutiieient  food.  i\hiny  civili/ed  men  in  all  the  various 
walks  of  life  would  leave  their  vocal i(m  today  and  ])ecome  hunt(>rs  instead, 
if  their  income  would  remaiii  the  same  as  it  now  is.  Tliey  would  do  this 
In  spite  of  the  fact  that  agriculture  and  modern  nu^thods  of  earniuLr  a 
livelihood  have  heen  the  great  civili/.inu:  agenc'ies  of  the  hmiKin  racf 
Someone  has  said  tlie  nmst  connnon  inheritetl  teivh-ney  of  iiian  is  tlie  di>- 
sire  to  (\sca])e  work.  Prohaoly  man  novin'  calltnl  huntin^■  "work."  but  it 
is  likely  that  agriculture  has  always  been  looked  uponas  "work."'  Thrre 
is  some  trxith  in  the  statement  that  (ivi'ry  man  is  as  iazy  as  he  <lare  he. 

It  is  certain  that  the  Mound  Buildrrs  lived  in  our  county  ;  it  is  pr(tb- 
ably  true  that  they  engaged  in  agrienltun^  to  some  (ixtent.  The  last 
statement  is  ])lausible  when  you  remember  the  evidences  of  a  large  ])Opu- 
lation  and  the  fact  that  it  takes  manv  thousand  acres  to  supporr.  one 
familv  by  r.nutir;u'  alop.e  e.vce]»t  for  :i.  sliort  time  after  a  triiie  miurht  ei\ter 
a  new-  hunting-  irround.  Tlie  writer  does  not  oliject  to  callniu'  the  Mv.uii.l 
Builders  early  Indians.  Owing  to  the  fact  that,  the  to«)is  and  impiemiMits 
found  in  the  mounds  are  as  riide — in  f;ict  are  largely  th(^  same— as 
th<'Si>  used  by  the  red  men,  many  believe  the  Mound  Bai'.tlcr.^  to  Iklvo 
been  sim])ly  early  pre-historic  Indians.  Over  2,000  mounds  iiave  l.fen 
ojiened  between  the  Mi.-sissii)])i  river  and  Alleglieny  Mountains,  and  ah  .at 
40,000  ancient  relics  gathered  from  them. 


•{•■ 


PRE-HISTOKIC  INDIANS— POLISHED  STONE  A(tE. 

From  some  unknown  reason  the  Mound  Builders  (hsa])j)eared.  1  liey 
mav  have  been  driven  from  our  county  by  more  ])owerful  tribes,  or  tlic\- 
may  have  left  of  their  own  accord,  or,  which  is  more  likely,  the  popula- 
tion may  have  been  almost  destroycil  by  sonn^  contagious  disea.so,  Lik 
us,  the%'  would  If^ave  if  driven  to  do  so.  Agam  like;  us,  they  would  u' 
the  way  of  least  resistance  and  ])ass  to  other  ]vh)ndikes  if  suOicir-nt  induct 
j)ients  were  ottered  whereby  tliey  might  gain  a  liveHhood  more  easily  or 
more  (]ui<-klv.  Still  like  u.s,  they  were  sulijected  to  many  contagious  dis- 
eases. What  would  one  of  our  cities  do  today  if  infected  with  cholera, 
jirovided  it  had  no  b:-tter  means  of  proti>cting  itself  than  had  this  .sava'j-*- 
raccV  The  peo])le  would  nearly  uU  perish  and  it  is  p(js:sible  that  our 
Mound  liuilders  met  such  a  fate. 

The  ])0]nilation  having  b'^en  reduci^ih  they  may  have  again  taken  to 
bunting  and  dc-renerated  into  our  Pre-Historic  Indians.  Whvn  later,  wi- 
shall  Irarn  of  the  oratory,  generalship,  and  statecraft  of  some  of  our 
modern  red  m(Mi,  we  may  be  inclined  to  believe  they  represent  an  in- 
hca-itaiUH' of  a  far  more  civiliz'^l  a.nee-;tral  stock,  atid  tliat  this  ancestry 
.  mav  Iiave  been  tlie  Mound  JUiilders.     So  tlie  pfopk;  tliat  construct. -d  >m 


PltK-TTlsTORIP  INI)IAN^;. — l'oi,rsllKf>  STONK  A<1F..  11 

Diuny  mounds  muy  Imvedt^tifoiicrati'il  into  tlu'  Pri'-llisloric  Indians  thronirli 
\vli(ini  tho  leaders  of  the  mndorn  tribes  niuy  havcMnherited  swh  a  snr])ns- 
ini4'  genius.     But  this  is  inereiy  a  possilnlity. 

The  red  men  at  the  be'^innini;  of  autyieniic  annals  were  so  fi^w  that  it 
seonis  that  the  Pre-Historie  on(\s  were  also  limited  in  nam]>er.  Tlicre  are 
<;ood  reasons  for  ludievinL'  that  This  section  of  tlie  eounty  was  very  ttiinly 
])opulated  just  previous  to  tile  advent  of  the  white  man.  As  jiumriont'd 
eoneerninir  tlie  Mound  Builders,  the  sparee  ]>o]mlation  muy  liave  resulted 
from  sever.il  causes  tlie  mo>t  plausible  beinu:  that  of  destruction  from 
some  c^ntau'ious  disease.  Tlu^  Indians  to\t\  the  lirst  settlers  of  Massa- 
chusetts that  a  ;j:reat  iilairiie  had  Curried  olf  most  of  tlunr  tribes. 

While  it  is  cpxite  probable  that  several  bands  used  our  county  us  com- 
mi>u  Uuntiu'.'  .!i:rounds,  it  is  not  beli(>vcd  that  the  last  of  the  Prediisforie 
Indians  used  it  as  a  li.>me.  However,  earlier  Pi'e-His1oric  tiilx's  may 
have  done  so.  Tiie  very  larLre  number  of  stone  tools  and  weu])ons  found 
mukes  it  almost  certuiu  that  thei'e  was  a  settlement  liere  at  some  very 
early  time.  These  Indians,  of  course,  added  many  tools  to  those  left  by 
the  Abnind  Builders.  It  is  nor  likely  tliat  much  farmiULr  was  done  whmi 
th*!  i)opulation  was  so  sparse. 

What  a  vast  silent  h.istorv  lies  ])uried  amund  us;  what  sfru'.'crle.s  of 
fathers  with  wild  animals,  mothers  with  huniriu'.  man  with  man,  fami- 
ly witli  laiuiiy,  iritje  \sith  tribe,  and  all  with  i'ate, 

rUE-msTOltIO  INDIANS  — POLIsnKO  STONK  AGK — AfJKS  OK  MAX. 

In  order  to  understand  to  what  aj^e  of  man  (wr  carlic^st  inhabitants 
belo!ijj;ed,  notice  the  followini^  outline  : 

1  Wooden  A.^e.     Sticks  and  clubs  used  for  implements  and  weajions. 

2  Stone  Aire.     Stones  were  us(h1  for  implements  and  wea])ons. 

a — C'hipped-stone  Ai^i'.     Paleolithic.     Flint  t'lols  and  wea])ons. 
(1) — Karly  Period..     Challeen.     First  rude  Hint  im])liments. 
(•>) — Midfile  Period.     ]\Iousterein.     First  rude  spear-heads. 
(^;— Later  Periixl.     Solutreen.     First  u'ood  s])ear-hi\uls. 
Poli.shed -stone    Aire.     Neolithic.     All  Inoian    stonk    implkmf.\ts, 
TOOLS,  wp:AeoNs,  and  ounami-:nts  fotjnd  in  AroLAi/.i:  colntv  w!.i;k 
>L\DK  wrrriiN  this  pkimod.     That  is.   the  lirst  Hint  chi]>i)(Ml  urrow- 
])oints  were  formed  within  this  time,  as  well  as  all  of  our  polishcil 
stono  axes,  hammers,  tomahawks,  pestles,  ornaments,  etc. 
:5     Brou'/e  Atre.     lironze  lirst  used  us  imph^nents  and  wea]K)ns. 
•I     Iron  AtiO.     Iron  used  as  implements  and   wea])ons.     Present   aire. 
Chip])»\I  implement.s  are  such  as  Hint  arrow-points  and  s])(.'ar-heads. 
Polished  im])lement.s  are  such  as  our  stone  axes,  hummers,  etc. 

Tin-:  \V(^<iDKN  A(;f..  Nobody  knows  that  there  ev(T  was  such  an  (>ra. 
yet  few  ^^•^m]d  doubt  it.  Its  existence  would  be  hard  to  ])r  )ve  V)ecause 
wood  is  so  perisliable.  Such  stones  as  nature  furnished  ready-sha]>ed 
Nvould  also  bo  used  at  this  time;  just  us  you  use  them  to  throw  ut  tlie 
nuts  on  a  tree  or  at  a  snake. 

WiTiUN  TtiF  kai;ly  i'K1{Ioi>  of  TitF.  ( -iiii'i'KD-sTONK  AoK.  the  first  Hint 
implements  were  invented  but  they  w-ere  very  rude.  'I'liey  were  about 
the  form  of  a  ]>eaeh  stone  und  about  flu,'  riirht  shu])e  and  si/.e  to  lit  nicely 
ie.to  the  hand.  If  any  si)i-.irs  v.-(a-e  used  tlicy  wi-re  ni.ide  of  wood.  Tiie 
remains  of  this  period  have  been  foun<l  in  Hie  Old  Woj-M  only. 


12 


rKK-niSTOkll^  INDIANS.— ]'()I,lsnKI)  SToNK  A(iK. 


In  TIIK  MiDDLK  ri:ilOU)    OK    TlIK    ( 'I111'1'F.I>-ST<>NK    AiiK,    SlHMr-llOads   ami 

javolins  were  first  ooiitvivt'd.  H.-widli's  could  he  fastout'd  to  thcuu.  'riii\v 
were  very  rude — merely  liint  s]i;ills  (•lii]>])ed  and  shar])i'ned  from  oiu*  s;di>. 
The  relies  of  this  iieriod  have  heen  i'oniid  in  the  Old  \Vnrld  only. 

In  tup:  Latku  Pkimod  ok  tiik  L'jium'KK-Stonk  A(iK,  very  line  s]>ear- 
heads  and  javelins ^vere  first  made.  No  hetter  have  lu'tui  fashioned  .since 
The  pe()])l(>  also  used  hone  and  stone  harpoons.  The  impleinents  ai-e  ver\ 
numerous  in  Eurojie  ISo  far,  all  Ilie.sc  a<4-es  and  periods  were  very  lo)i-\ 
yet  no  arrow-pinnt  liad  heen  made  and  niau  had  not  yet  a]>iK\ired  in  llu> 
New  W<')rld  so  far  as  is  certainly  known. 

Within  tiik  Poi^isiikd-Stonk  A(i!:.  tiie  Xr-w  World  was  first  inhaluti'd 
hy  man.  At  least  all  tlu^  chipped  and  polislu'd  stone  im])]enu'nts  tound 
in  our  country  heloji'-T  to  this  pt>r-.od.  An  invention  was  7na(h'  at  this 
time  that  was  to  alt'eet  th(>  destinies  of  man  (n"cn  more  thaii  (hd  tuu- 
powder  at  a  latter  daiy,  and  that  was  tlu>  how  anil-arrow.  Tlu'  hrsf 
chi]i]H^d-llint  arrow  poinrs  of  our  eountv.  and  (>ven  of  the  world,  .vere 
fasliioned  at  this  time.  Man  nui.->r  have  lived  in  all  lands  at  this  pcrioii 
and  the  u.se  of  the  new  invention  must  have  spread  ra]n({ly  for  arrow- 
points  are  found  in  nearly  all  parts  of  every-eountry.  This  rcfninds  us 
of  the  ra]ndity  with  which  some  modern  inveidions  have  extended  over 
the  world  to  dis])laee  more  ]n'imitive  methods  of  eai'iiinir  a  livelihood. 
Th.e  Iv^iiuimaux,  SIlcII  r.>ni,^.,  Mom^d  Rnilders.  nnd  I've-. Historic  lMd:;ins 
bolon'j:ed  to  this,  the  Pohshed-Stonc^  Ay-e.  Exceiit  tlit^  •i)i'i^sent,  it  is  tht^ 
onl^'  Hue  ever  represented  in  our  county  so  far  as  known. 

Bi:oNZK  AfxK.  The  ])e()p!e  usc^l  iTuplemcnts  of  hron/.e  and  co])piM'.  Ni) 
bronze  tctols  have  T)een  tV)Und  in  our  county.     This  aLci^  is  ])rediistorie. 

liiON  AiiV..  This  includes  the  time  of  autlientic  histoi-y,  altiiou'-rh  iron 
was  really  used  before  relial)lo  annals  ]H><^an.  'I'his  is  ])i-ohal)ly  much 
shorter  than  any  of  the  other  aixes  unless  the  Bronze  ]»e  (>xce])tt:d. 

No  A(iK  Enttuklv  Lo.s'i'.  When  a  new  at^e  was  ushered  in,  it  did  not 
fully  dis(\ird  the  old  implements  and  wea])ons  but  adtUul  ])etter  ones!  ( >nr 
policemen  and  marshals  with  their  wooden  maces,  our  boys  clubhin'.^ 
liickory-nut  trees,  our  children  crackinir  mits  with  r<X'ksshai)ed  by  nature, 
our  timh(n--men  with  their  woodim  hand-s])ikes,  our  ])arents  and  teachers 


orit,dn;il  inliabitaiits.  The  Bronze  A,<j;e  is  also  Vvcll  re])rescnted  today. 
However,  us  time  u:oes  on,  W(;  liave  less  and  less  need  for  the  methods  of 
early  ages.  As  an  exami)le,  miU-stones  are  just  ])as.sing  out  of  use  in  our 
county. 

Xerx(\s  the  {Jreat,  King  of  Per.sia,  died  h>r)  years  B.  C,  or  2:U'>')  yeai-s 
ago  (I'.iUO).     Within  historic   times,  he  collected  the  greatest  army  ever 


it^».i     y  I  f'v'V'  } .         \>iLJ.iiii     j-iir»rwjLH       iium..^,     iiy      v.wiiv.^\\«i     im-    ^i\»»,v*.^i»«.*...._»     »    .-» 

on  earth.  It  was  ci.m])o.sed  of  many  ti-ibes.  One  used  javelins  or  sjM-ars 
of  wood  dried  liard  by  lire,  another  xised  arrows  tijjped  with  flint,  while 
a  f  liird  tribe  us(>d  arrows  ])ointed  with  iron  or  brass  ;  thus  three  or  f'Uir 
dilferent  a^res  of  man  w^-re  re])resi!nted  in  this  (^ne  army. 

TiMK  M.VN  ll.\s  Bkkn  on  Eakth.  Authorities  dWYcr  on  tliis  i)oint  and 
estimates  range  from  :'A),in)0  years  to  'i.'.O.dOO.  Tliere  is  litthi  diircrcnce  m 
tlicse  flgiires,  howt'ver,  when  you  examine  those  i;iven  on  the  first  iki.;,'i' 


PKB;-HISTOinO  INDIANS.  —  l'i)LlyUKl>  HToNK  AUK. 


13 


of  this  liistory.  Man  hus  certainly  lived  nn  oju'th  a  lt)nu;  time,  if  there 
was  hut  one  man  antl  one  woman  to  heinn  with  ;  for  it  would  take  a  lonir 
l^eriod  for  climatt\  food,  ai\d  oceuiiatiou  to  make  so  manv  dill\-rent  peo- 
l)les  as  the  foPowiu^' :— The  Plottrntots  (;f  the  Paeifit'  Island.-*,  the  Bush- 
men of  Australia,  the  dwarfs  of  Central  Africa,  the  iriants  of  Patagonia, 
the  earth  eaters  of  tropical  S(nit]i  Aiiieric^a.  the  Esquimaux  of  the  polar 
rei^'ions,  the  American  Indians,  tlie  Chinese,  and  the  {'auca.-^ians.  No 
date  can  he  i^iven  for  tlie  entraiice  of  the  Pre-llistoric  Indians  into  Au- 
^dai'/e  county,  hut  the  Stone  A^re  ctuLhI  with  the  advent  of  the  white  man. 
The  peo])le  of  central  Africa  still  iKdoni;  to  the  Stone  Ai,'e  and  i)ossihly 
some  of  them  oven  to  the  Wooden  Ai^e. 


#:„x  / 


f'ArpnosK. 


14 


PUK-llISTiM^ir-  INDIANS— J'DI.JSIIFI)  STONK  A<*p: 


:=»?l^^'?71'f'^^*?^'^S»'5*'^y>%"^^ 


t  I 


if'  Ai 


FLINT  TOOLS  ANl'  WKAl'ONS  OK  A  l.i  i  LAl/.K  COLN'IY. 


PRK-IIISTORIO  IXDIANri— PC)LlHfiy:r>-STuNK  AGK.  15 

FLINT    TOOLS  AND  WEAPONS   OF  AU(iI-.\I/,K  COUNTY  CLASSIFIKI'. 

Nt)t  St-einmod.     First  row.     St>o  o])p(:)sitc  i)!i'j:e. 
a-Pointed  at  Both  Ends.     Tjast  live  in  ilr>t  row. 
b-Point^'d  at  Ono  End  Only.     Fir.st  foxirteon  in  first  row. 
o-Trian':;ru]ur.     Small.     Last  five  in  iMt^htli  row. 
d-Lonir  Narrow  Blado.     First  ono  in  first  row. 

2  Stoinniod  and  Shouldored.    Rows  2  to  (J  and  ]iarts  of  rcnvs  7,  K  ;ind  9. 
u-Htraicrht  Stem  ;  i.  o.,  no  tangs.     First  two  in  rows  2,  3,  and  4. 
b-Point-ed  Tani^s  Con  stem).     Most  all  in  this  division. 

r-PiOnnd  Taiitrs.     Like  next  to  last  in  1th  row. 
d-Stein  Notched  at  Base.     Last  S  in  'Jth  row 

3  Siomnied  and  Barbed.     7tli  row  iij)  to  d. 
a-Tanus  Sluir]) ;  like  d  \i\  7th  row. 
b-Tan<rs  Round  ;  like  d  in  sth  row. 
c-No  tantrs.     Like  !•  and  10  in  7tli  row. 

4  Peculiar  Forms. 

a-Blade  Beveled  Ono  Way  ;  like  d  in  >^th  row. 

l)-Broad  Bladed  ;  like  first .")  in  4th  row.    Probaldy  knives  and  badges. 

c-Blunt  Pointed  ;  like  7iext  to  last  in  4tli  row.     Prol)ably  !i.  knife. 

d-Short  Blunt  Bladed  ;  like  the  7  in  Nth  r(nv  beirmning  at  b. 

e-^-aw-tf'othed  Elu'cs  ;  iiku  ."d  in  tl'.o  ^rli  r(.;w. 

f-Narrow-bladed.     Drills  ;  like  first  two  in  Nth  row. 

g_So-called  Paleolithic  Flint ;  like  the  first  in  iith  row.  ' 

5  Knives  ;  like  first  lialf  of  '.tth  row  ;  also  all  broad  Hints. 

SLATE  01{Na:\IF.NTS,  TAHLF/rs,  F.TC,  OF  AUGLAIZE  COUNTY  NAMED. 

[Nos.  1  to  S  are  usiially  slnteor  shale,] 

1  ButtcM'fly  Banner-Stones.     Ijast  three  in  10th  row. 

2  Ck'remonial  Stones.     (Same).      Last  three  in   10th  row.     Winged. 

3  Pick-Sliaped  Banner-Stones.     Tliird  from  last  in  11th  row. 

4  Stone  Taljlets,     First  six  in  10th  row. 

5  Pendants.     The  first  four  in  11th  row. 
G  ("lorgets.     Four  and  five  in  10th  row. 

7  Ornaments.  Badges,  Insignia.     Nearly  all  in  10th  and   llth  rows 
and  ])robablv  tlie  first  five  in  4th  row,  at  times. 

8  Stones  Drilled  Lengthwise.     Nos.  S  and  9  in  llth  row. 

9  Pii>es.     No.  G  in  llth  row.     Somi;  were  shape  of  cigar-holder. 

10  Odd-Sha])(Hl  Stones.     Twelfth  row.     Somi^  are  water-v.-oni. 
SnoULDKiis  are  the  angles  at  th*^  broad  end  of  the  blade  wlien  not  very 

>harp.  B.vuns  ai-e  the  saTue  excoi^t  they  are  more  ])ointo<l  and  extend 
ha<-kward  more  or  le.sa.  Tanos  are  much  like  shoulders  oxc»>pt  that  tliey 
are  at  the  base  of  the  stetn  instead  of  the  Inise  of  the  blade.  Flints  under 
three  inches  may  Ik?  called  arrow  points;  those  that  are  longer,  sj-x-ar 
liead.s.  Larore  flints,  like  d  in  the  first  row,  liad  no  handles  but  were  held 
in  the  hand  and  used  as  knives,  swf)rds,  dirks  or  daggers.  Triangular 
Hints  are  small,  scarce,  and  v^-cro  used  in  war.  Judiring  from  th«^  pictun'. 
what  flint  is  most  nuinv-rous  la^reV  Wide  Hints  were  oftiMi  used  as  badges 
hy  olliei'rs  and  for  knives,  lilades  that  were  l)evelcd  one  way  were  most- 
ly u.sed  as  skinning  knives  and  were  generally  right-handed.  The  teeth 
in  the  serrated  ones  are  al>out  the  si/.e  of  moderately  fine  saw-teeth. 


IC  PRE-HISTORIO  INDIANS — PoLlSIlKD  STONK   AGE. 

Woodon  iirrow-shal'ts  wore  from  two  to  throe  li'Ot  long  ;  spiMir-slial'ts 
from  eight  to  ten  feet.  A  woi-kmun  co\;ld  strike  otY  Ihikes  of  flint  regu- 
larly as  large  as  ono-balf  inch  l)y  cme  and  one-half. 

Although  tliere  arc  singU;  machines  now  that  cun  niake  4,000,000 
mat^'hcs  a  day,  the  first  phosphorus  matches  were  not  made  until  l.s;;;j. 
tSo  making  "llint-hKdvs"  and  "striko-a-ii?vs"  was  once  a  great  industry. 
At  some  of  the  factories  of  Europe,  as  many  at;  twenty-tliree  kinds  of 
gun-llint.s  were  made.  Tlit^y  were  ])acked  in  harrels  of  twenty  jiounds 
each  and  each  harrel  contained  about  •,\000  nuisket,  ;i.000  carbine,  or  l.OdO 
pistol  Hints.  Of  course  these  were  made  in  later  tiines  by  white  men. 
liut  there  is  a  pre- historic  llint  (^uai-ry  in  Belijium  that  covers  fifty  acres, 
and  workmen  had  to  sink  a  shaft  thirty-six  feet  deep  to  reacli  the  llint. 
Flmt  llidgo  in  Licking  (Jount.y,  Ohio,  is  ten  mih^s  long  and  tliere  were 
many  i)re-liistoric  Hint  quarries  there. 

One  kind  of  arrow-])oint  used  in  war  was  triangular,  small,  sliort 
barbed,  straight  edgid,  and  was  hiosely  attached  to  the  arrow-sti(.'.k  so  it 
would  pull  off  and  work  dee])(-r  into  the  wound.  Another  kind  was  long- 
er, curved-sided,  shaiper  barbed,  and  llrmly  attached  to  the  stick  so  it 
would  pull  out  of  the  wound  and  lacerate  tiie  flesh.  Arr<iw-sticks  were 
made  of  slomler  s])routs,  or  of  any  twig  striijped  of  limbs  and  ground 
smooth  with  fine  sandstone.  In  fastening  the  stone  on,  the  stick  was  s])lit 
at  tiie  end,  the  hinf  iu.-._'rted,  .;r:d  tir-l  nr  'jluod  f;i«t.  The  avrow-point  for 
hunting  had  long  bar(js  and  tangs  and  was  hrmly  attaciied  .so  it  couid  l»e 
pulled  out  of  the  animal  and  not  lost.  Or  if  a  small  animal  esca])ed,  it 
could  hardly  run  througli  the  reeds  and  brush  with  such  an  arrow  stick- 
ing in  it.  Most  of  the  very  .slender  arrow-])oints  formerly  thout^dit  to  ho 
drills  were  probably  used  for  hunting.  This  kind  lias  very  long  barbs. 
As  the  spear  was  "not  intended  to  leave  the  hand,  usujiUy  it  was  not 
barbed.  See  the  largest  one  in  the  picture.  For  skinning,  a  leaf-s]uii)ed 
blade  bovehxl  from  one  side  was  used.  Handled  tomahawks,  or  celts, 
that  were  fUit  on  one  side,  w^ere  also  used  for  tliis  ])urpose  ;  so  were  axes 
that  were  flat  on  one  side.  The  scraper  for  rul)V)ing  and  dressing  skins 
was  not  flat  on  one  side.  ^Yood  was  seraptxl  with  it  much  as  we  use  glass 
lor  that  purpose.  It  was  also  used  for  scrJing  fish.  Fi.sh-hooks  were 
made  of  a  long  slender  flint  or  horn,  with  lino  tied  in  the  middle  and 
baited  at  one  end.  The  lino  was  also  wrapped  loosely  around  the  un- 
baited  end  so  it  would  slip  off  when  jerked  and  h^ive  the  fiint  at  right 
angles  to  the  line.  The  larger  ones  of  the  barbcnl  flints  would  mak(> 
good  liarpoons  for  striking  fish.  .Sometimes  small  slender  Hakes  of  llint 
were  set  in  a  row  along  the  side  of  a  pole  to  make  a  spear  or  harpoon. 
Siiws  were  made  bv  sotting  a  number  of  flint  spalls  in  a  hue  along  the 
side  of  a  stick.  Shaving  was  not  much  ])ractictxl ;  instead,  a  small  mu.--cle- 
shell  v.-fis  us4.'d  as  ni])iK3rs  and  the  liair  jerked  out  by  the  roots  so  it  woul.l 
not  be  neeessiiry  to  reneat  tlie  oprratitm  so  oftm.  The  reason  the  Indian 
has  so  little  Ik-ard  is  because  his  ancestors  have  been  pulling  their  Ix-ards 
out  i)y  the  roots  for  so  manv  ages.  The  scalping-knife  was  made  from  a 
triangular  or  ovate  piece  of  llint.  It  was  also  used  for  cutting  u])  game. 
If  an'hidiiUi  belonued  to  tlu^  prouder  class,  he  prefernHl  to  stab  his  enemy 
with  a  knife  rather  than  crush  his  skull  witli  a  tomahawk.  IMeedmg  was 
done  with  a  sharp  flake  of  llint.  'I'lie  origin  of  tli(^  bow  and  arrow  is  un- 
known. It  was  ])robably  invented  by  accident.  Fires  were  started  with 
Hint  and  punk. 


PKK-HISTORIC  INDIANS— POLI^»nKD-STONE  A(»E.  17 

Twisted,  curved,  and  odd-shaped  Hints,  chips,  and  si)ulls  wore  gener- 
ally used  as  knives,  lancets,  scraiHM-s,  or  chistsls'  Arrow  iM)iuts  that  have 
a  very  short  blunt  blade  were  used  for  shootiui?  biul>,  or  annuals  when 
it  was  desired  not  to  injure  the  featJiers  or  ]>ieree  the  skin.  They  were 
also  used  for  knives  and  lances.  See  some  of  them  in  the  eightli  row. 
Perforators  lilce  the  first  tw^o  in  row  eii'ht  were  iised  for  arrow  jjoiuts  as 
well  as  for  drills  hud  punches.  By  fast^^uing  a  short  handle  on  almost 
any  flint  the  Induui  used  it  as  a  knife.  The  red-man  used  the  knife  for 
about  the  same  puriK:>ses  we  do.  Sr'rai)ers  were  Hint  s[)alls  and  used  to 
scrd>)6arrov»' shafts,  spear  shafts,  bon<\-4.  soft  stones,  and  skins.  Arrow 
scra])ors  were  oft«^n  (joncave  so  as  to  fit  the  round  arrow  shaft. 

Gorgets  were  ceremonial  stones  with  one  or  two  perforations  and 
worn  aboiit  the  neck.  lianner-stono.H  vv'ero  ]iierced  through  side- ways  as 
you  ^^  ill  see  in  tiie  picture.  'Jiiey  were  used  very  mucii  as  we  use  bam^t-rs  ; 
often  in  certain  ceremonies.  With  the  latter  use  they  wore  ceremonial 
stones.  Batterlly  bauncr-sfones  are  winged.  Pendants  had  oiie  or  two 
perforations  near  one  end  and  were  hung  upon  the  person.  Some  tablets 
were  perforated,  otht;rs  not.  !S<:>ni0  were  us<'d  as  a  base  upon  which  to 
fasten  ornaments  such  as  stone  birds,  while  others  were  worn  ujxin  the 
person.  Long  stone  implements  with  lioles  drilled  deeply  in  one  end  may 
iiavo  been  used  to  Viold  one  end  of  a  drill,  or  as  bundles,  or.  in  later 
times,  as  Mi<ig  niouias.  i.he  rea-mou  lited  sonie  of  tlie  st<,>nes  ju>t  as 
they  found  them  fashioned  by  nature's  forces.  See  the  lant  row  m  the 
picture. 


( 


I'     t*U' 


k    nv. 


!\  //\ 


:'■■■.:-■'■■  :>U  x.^;. 

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^/v'/- 


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A-  K 


18 


rUK-HlriXOUIl'  INUIANS — I'l  »l.lSnK.l)  SH>.NK   AdV.. 


■r—.n  '.•??,■"  ■".■*'  '*^'  ••'^•■-'■T;"r* 


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L::''r7.-,"r;-i'--riit-'".to''/'^*'^^''*-'™^ 


1<.>LIS11F.I>  STONF.  TOOLS  AND  WKM'ON-  O,"  ALliLAl/.F.  COUNTY. 


PKE-HlsJTOKir  IMiIANS. — Pl)l.l:4HKU  tiTONE  AUE.  19 

POLLSlIF.n-STONK  TOOLS  AND  WHAl'OXS  OK  AUiil.AIZK  COUNTY. 

1  Axes. — Grooved.     First  luul  secoTid  rows.     St'iMipiuisitu  page. 

ci-Luri,'L-.     First  in  lirst  row.     Wt'iiilit,  blu  jjoumls. 

b-!Suiall.     First  in  sccoml  row.     Wgiirlit.  ll:^  ouiK-os. 

C'-Yery  niiich  worn.^     Tiiird  in  socoiul  row. 

d-Not  worn  any.     Xoxr  to  tlic  last  in  .second  row. 

e-C-iroovt'd  deeply.     ^S'ext  to  tlie  last  in  livst  row. 

f-(h-ooved  sliirhtly.     Last  in  \hr  lirst  row. 

g-iStrai^ht  and  nngrooved  on  one  side.     ]Si>.    1    first    row   and    many 

others. 
h-Flat  on  one  side.     For  dressing  skins.     Last  in  '2d  row. 

2  HA.M:\iKits — They  are  gro<ned.     Thiid  row. 

a-Liiug  in  the  bit.     >it)s.  ],  M,  and  7  in  third  row. 

b-Straight  and  ungro.»\etl  on  one  side.     2>Jos.  2,  15,  G,  \),  lU,  and  11  in 

tiiird  row. 
c-A  worn-out  or  dull  ax..     First,  in  the  third  row. 
d-l^roos'ed  near  the  middle.     Last  tlin*e  in  tiurd  row. 

3  SlXKKUs — l-iroovcd  Vialls  or  short  liamniers.     Last  three  in  third  row. 

4  Hatchet — Aii  ungrooved  ax.     First  in  theil<>urth  row. 

5  To.MAUAWK.^,  oil  Celts. — Fourth  i-ow  ox('i']>t  the  lirst. 

a-.Suli  s  :uarly  parallel.      La^-i  nue  iii  iimrtii  ruw. 

bSides  vcn-y  tapering.     Xi'Xt  to  the  last  in  the  fourth  row. 
0     lSKiNXiN(i  Knives — Tomahawks  Ihit  on  one  side.     Fitth  row  excejjt  last. 

a-I.,ong  and  slendiu-.     Two  next  to  last  ill  litth  row. 

b-Short  and  broad.     First  in  liitli  row. 

c-Madt"  of  slate.     St^cond  m  litth  row. 
7     File— Long  ;  straight  on  one  side  ;  good  grit.     Last  in  lifth  row. 
■■S     Testles — Sixth  row. 

a-iiell-sha])ed  with  Hat  bas(\     First  live  in  sixth  row. 

b-('onieal.     Sixth  in  sixth  reiw. 

c-l'estle  and  nut  eraeker  ;  ])itted.     7th  and  Sih  in  Ctli  row. 

d-()ne  end  rounded,  the  other  Hat.     Last  in  sixth  row. 

c-Both  ends  rounded.     None  .shown  in  picture. 

9  I'iTTh;i>  St<)NES.     First  four  in  .sevi'iitli  row. 

10  FLAT-KAti;i>  Stone-;.     Last  four  in  seventh  row. 

11  l'oLi<iHNi!S'i'o\E  Balls.     First  and  see<~ind  in  eighth  row. 

12  Stoni-;  Balls— Nos.  3,  1,  ."J,  (.,  7,  in  «'ighth  row. 
V>  iSLWL.     Ijist  in  Nth  row. 

When  an  ax  l)eeame  dull  it  eould  be  sharixMied  ])y  "upsetting".  This 
was  done  by  re  eliii)]diig  the  edge,  (b",  it  eould  be  l(;tt  dull  like  the  tlr.-^t 
in  the  third  row  and  used  as  a  hammer.  Handles  were  fastened  on  the 
axes  and  hammers  at  the  groove  and  tied  on  with  raw-hiile  or  tendons. 
One  of  the  narrow  sides  was  often  left  straitrht  and  wilhriut  a  gnxive  that 
a  wedge  might  be  driven  in  there  to  tighten  the  handle.  S'e  next  to  the 
last  m  second  row  and  many  others.  Sinkers  were  tied  to  lishing  nets  to 
sink  thtMii.  Ilandh^s  wen^  fastened  on  tht;  tumahawks  usually  so  the  edge 
was  in  lino  witii  the  handh^  When  the  handle  was  ])lai-ed  at  rii^dit  angli-s 
t')  the  edge,  the  implement  was  us(vl  as  w»»  do  an  adz.  The  lile  was  used 
to  straighten  arrow  shafts  much  as  we  use  a  lile  on  wood. 


20  PfiE-niSTOKlC  INDIANS— POLlrfHtl)  rfTONE  MiK. 

Postles  with  flat  bases  were  used  to  grind  corn  in  niorhirs  witli  Hat 
bottoms,  or  even  on  fitit  stones.  Those  that  are  roundixl  at  the  ends  woie 
used  in  morturs  that  had  round  botLuius  ;  whik;  llu.se  that  are  \niUd  \vi-re 
used  for  nut-crackers  as  well  us  for  iK\stles.  See  next  to  the  last  in  the 
sixth  row.  The  flanire  on  bell-shaixxt  i)estles  was  often  broken  off,  as  in 
the  fiftli  in  the  sixth  row.  The  u?e  of  pitteil  stones  is  not  known.  Tiirr 
nniy  huve  been  designed  for  jiluyijif,'  sutih  i/anies  as  (juoits.  The  jtits 
would  give  tlie  thumb  and  li3i<rer  of  the  pitelier  a  ^'(K>d  hold.  If  a  nut 
were  placed  in  the  pit,  it  would  not  bounce  away  when  cracked.  They 
woul<l  make  g'^od  lap-stones.  They  may  have  any  numlKT  of  pits.  Those 
found  here  have  one  pit  on  each  liut  side.  They  "are  plcMitiful.  The  un- 
pitfed  Hat  stones  may  have  had  the  sam9  uses  as  the  i^itted.  8uch  a  omi 
as  the  lust  in  the  seventh  row  was  piobabiy  a  ])<jlisuiu^  stone  as  it  has  a 
i'me  grit.  .Sjnie  think  tiioy  were  often  used  as  ]v.,ties  and  poii^]nnL^ 
stones.  Polishing  stone  balls,  like  t);e  lirst  two  in  the  eighth  row,  liuve 
flat  places  worn  on  the  sidt-s.  Konnd  ones,  like  the  others  in  that  rosv, 
bad  handles  and  were  used  as  hammers,  pestles,  and  v,-ar-clubs.  Raw- 
hide wns  sowed  around  the  ball  and  its  handle.  When  this  dried,  it  con- 
tracted and  bound  tis^htly.  Sometimes  the  stone  was  placed  in  one  end  of 
the  bkin  of  a  buSalo  tail  and  a  stick  run  in  the  other  for  a  handle.  Tlie 
maul,  like  the  last  in  the  eitrhth  row,  was  used  for  driviui<  stakes  and 
wedges  and  lor  yenerai  nc-;tvy  ],uuuuuig.  Axes  v.ere  u.^t•a  fur  piujlnu,-  ['U<: 
burk  from  trees  in  rn-der  to  deaden  them,  for  breakinji^  uj)  wood  to  hern, 
for  splitting  logs,  and  for  jjounding.  The  tomahawk  was  used  in  V)atMe 
and  for  much  the  same  })urpose  as  the  ax  excej)t  pounding.  When  pi-(,p- 
erly  liandled  they  were  also  Ur;ed  for  ad-ing  and  digging.  They  are  our 
most  common  ix)lished-stone  implement.  Perhaps  our  small  axes  come 
next  iu  numters. 

A  FURTHER  INSIGHT  INTO  THK  LIVKS  OF  THE  PRK-III^TOUIC   FKOPLF.  OF  AL'OLAl/.R. 

As  soon  as  the  wbiti>  man  came,  the  Indians  traded  for  iron  tools  and 
largely  coiised  to  make  them  of  stone.  You  might  find  tlie  wildest  Indisiu 
now  with  a  fine  breech-loading  gun.  The  tools  and  implements  shown  in 
the  pictures  were  used  to  secure  the  necessaries  of  life.  There  is  hardly 
ever  any  carving  on  them.  The  owners  had  not  develoi>ed  into  the 
mythological  ago — hence  no  mythological  imidenients.  I'he  (ilaeial  Age 
was  of  great  u.so  to  our  Indians  in  bringing  the.st^  l>oalders  down  from 
Canada  and  often  partly  shaping  them  into  the  desired  tool  or  wea))on. 

The  luuscle-shells  of  our  struams  furnished,  in  part,  the  h<i»'s,  scrap- 
ers, and  barber  iiinchers.  The  largo  fiat  bones  of  animals  t  Iso  made  good 
hoes.  Our  wo^:»ds  furnished  ])lenty  of  arrow-woo<i  for  i)i])e-stems  and 
arrow  shafts.  The  bark  of  the  hickory,  leather-v.'ooi.  and  I)ulian  hem]), 
made  exct  Uent  striiiirs  for  binding.  Hickory  bonds  well  and  made '.roi»<i 
handles.  1  he  red  and  yellow  ochres  of  our  gravel-banks  were  used  lor  paint. 
Our  numerous  wild  animals  furnisiicd  food  and  clotiiing,  and  our  streums 
were  stocked  v/ith  fish.  After  they  learned  to  farm,  our  soil  was  suitable 
for  corn,  beans  uud  pumpkins,  in  17y  1,  <<<  iieral  W^ayne's  army  destr(.»ycd 
lO.UOO  acres  of  Indian  corn  at  fleliance.  C;f  courses  this  was  at  a  much 
later  dat*3  than  the  ago  uiider  consideration. 

Binows  of  aninials  were  very  valuable  for  tying  as  they  contract  and 
bind  with  gnat  force;  but  they  were  so  seurce  that  rawhide  was  often 
used.     Wooden  poles  and  buck-huins  were  used  as  handspikes.     Dug-out 


fi 


PkK-HIoTOKIO  INDIANS  — roLlSl.'KD-STDNK  AOL:.  21 

lx)ats  were  niado  by  burning  troos  down.  A  lirn  at  tho  ))roi)or  iilaco  cut 
the  log  tlie  desired  length.  The  log  was  hollowed  out  hy  fire  and  by  scrap- 
ing tbio  coals  oli  as  ra])idly  as  they  I'ornied  witli  a  long  stone  chisel. 
Boards  were  split  from  logs  with  tlie  larger  tonuihawks  or  axes.  Fields 
were  cleared  i'or  agricultuj*e  by  ])eehng  otl  tho  Inirk  of  trees  with  toma- 
hawks or  axes.  Tliis  deadened  tliem.  Corn  was  ])Ounded  by  tho  squaw 
in  mortars  of  stone  or  wood.  Some  of  tlie  pipes  were  like  ours  and  otliers 
resembled  our  cigar  holders.  Willow  leaves  were  often  mixed  with  to 
bacco.  Tho  cigar-holder  pi])e  was  often  used  to  look  through  at  distant 
objects.  The  medicine-man  .sometimes  sot  it  over  a  wound  wlu>n  ho  l)led 
a  patient  and  sucked  his  best.  Having  sec-retly  placed  a  worm  in  liis 
mouth,  ho  soon  s])it  out  a  moutliful  of  blood  and  a  caler])illar  and  tho 
l)atient  generally  irot  well ;  if  not,  ho  dro|i])ed  lire  througli  the  ])ipe  onto 
the  wound  and  burTit  the  devil  out.  The  pipi*  was  used  in  some  cen^nnn- 
ies  :  '-They  smoked  the  jupo  of  peace."  Devices  for  ])laying  dilferent 
games  have  V)een  found. 

You  are  not  superstitious  about  the  arrow-points,  sjicar-heads,  polisli- 
od  axes,  hammers,  tomahawks,  etc.,  found  in  Auglai/e  county  because 
you  know  how  they  were  made: — your  ancestors  saw  thom  made  and 
Mint  you  word.  But  not  so  in  other  ])arts  of  tlie  world.  The  early  whit^^ 
]>eoj)lt>  of  Europe  Imd  no  tradition  as  to  how  they  were  made  and  so  wore 
suj)erstitiints  regaruuig  tiiem.  They  would  not  u.se  them  exeei)t  lor  ornu- 
ments  or  charms.  They  believed  thf^se  studies  wer(!  shot  down  from 
lu-aven  by  thunder  and  lightning.  Th(!y  called  the  arrow  points  "elf- 
darts".  When  a  persiin  or  domestic  animal  Ixx'amo  sick,  the  ]">oople 
tliought  the  evil  s])irit  had  sliot  an  "elf-dart"  into  the  per.son  or  animal 
afllicted  and  would  send  for  a  doctor  to  citt  it  out-  They  said  thev  had 
l)ick(Hl  up  some  of  these  implements  just  after  thoy  had  been  shot  from 
heaven  and  tliut  they  wei-o  yet  hot.  They  often  canied  one  of  tlie"' 
stones  in  the  ])()cket,  or  .sewed  it  in  the  dress-skirt,  or  strung  it  aliout  the 
neck,  or  hung  it  on  tho  bed-post,  to  ])rotect  t]u-mselv<>s  iigainst  lii'e  and 
lightning  and  aL'ainst  being  shot  with  an  "elf-dart".  S<imt>  thotight  thrse 
imjilenumts  fell  from  ho.«iven  during  an  cclip.sf^  of  the  moon.  Most  all 
IM'ople  oxcei)t  Americans  liave  l)eeu  super. -.titious  about  tlieso  relics  mid 
manv  of  them  are  yet.  The  following  mav  be  named  : — (Ternmny,  France. 
Italy,  Spain,  Portugal,  Ru.ssia,  S'olland,  Norway,  Dcmuiirk. — in  fact  all 
MuroiJO ;  Japan,  China, — ]>rob!i])ly  all  Asia,  and  all  Africa;  Iceland, 
liorneo,  most  of  the  i.-^les  of  the  sea.  They  thouicht  it  would  l)ring  IkuI 
luck  to  use  them,  but  that  they  were  just  tho  thing  for  charms.  Tiiey 
are  still  known  in  tho  Old- World  by  many  people  us  "thuuder-stones,"' 
"liglitning-stones,"  "elf-darts",  etc.  They  could  not  make  tliem  and 
could  not  think  that  man  ever  liad  made  tiiem  and  luuico  stood  in  aw.^  of 
tlicir  inlluence.  Man  is  su])erstitious  about  what  he  does  not  understand. 
Vou  are. 

All  the  siK'cimons  shown  in  this  book  have  been  picked  u])  around  St. 
Ahirys.  Prol)al)ly  mori'  have  been  found  in  tho  territory  reacliing  from 
hei-e  into  Kentucky  and  Virginia  than  in  any  otiier  simikir  area  in  tlie 
world.  Take  your  choice  and  deliat<;  the  reay<:)n  as  to  wliy  there  wore  s.j 
many  : 

llcsolved  that  tho  largo  number  is  due  to  the  fact  that, 
a    'I'hey  siiuply  repre.sent  what  were  lost. 

b     Tiu-'aborigiual  jireferred  to  make  new  imploim^nts  rather  than  hunt 
for  those  mislai<l  or  sliot  at  an  animal. 


22 


PRK-niSTOHlO  INOIANS.  —  I'OI.ISHKD  HTONE  AOE. 


■\    :■ 


■■/.'■ 


4/  / 

r  / 


€ 
*>?? 


^    "H 


^. 


J 


•  las' 
J'-  '  ■     ■<^> 


'•  •!«<•■  -.        ivfft-' 


Covirli'>.v  (>t  Itupuiof  Kil.i,'. !.'-'>, 

KAkLV   WOIJK  fllor  IN  AKiLAl/K  (orNTY 


c    The  uborij,'innl  liiid  a  snporstilious  Icur  of  using  thiit  which  hud  ho- 

longcd  to  II  {)revious  ])e(")plo. 
d     The  population  was  so  great  that  the  loss  of  so  large  a  uuinlxn*  was  a 

trivial  matter. 
e     The  population  was   so   sparse   that   they  were  lost  while  tlio  owners 

were  wanderinir  avouncl  in  the  woods. 
f     They  nugruted  so  siuldenly  tluit  it  was  inqwssible  to  take  such  things 

along, 
g    That  the  tri])es  died  out.  in  the  places  where  the  relies  arc  found,  from 

some  infectious  disi-ase. 
h     They  lived  here  so  many  ages  that  the  nujuher  lost  hecume  large. 


now  THK  PRKniSTORK^  INDIANS  OF  AFCiLAl/.K  OOUNTY  MAI>E  THEIR  TOOLS  AND 
1MPLF:MF.NTS.  now  the  CmPPED-FMNT  APUOW-PolNTS,  SPEAR-rfEADS  AND 
POLTSnED-STONE  AXES  WERE   :MADE: — 

Look  at  the  ]>ieture.  Workman  No.  1  is  prying  the  l)oulderH  out  of 
the  ground.  Instead  of  takina:  tlunn  from  the  ground,  ho  would  some- 
times i^ather  those  that  were  scattered  over  the  surface  in  our  county  and 
hriiig  tlieni  to  thi^  woric-siio]).  Aimix-^r  anyone  could  dotJiis  kijuloi  wori^ 
and  .so  his  earnings  were  not  suliic-ituit  to  enable  him  to  purcliase  any 
ornaments. 

The  second  laborer  is  throwi:ig  the  boulder  down  upon  a  stone  anvil 
with  great  force  iii  ordtn*  to  burst  it  and  reduce  the  si/e.  Practice  wo\dd 
enable  him  to  burst  many  stones  that  an  unskilled  workman  could  not 
bi'cak.  His  earnings  are  larger  and  have  enabled  him  to  add  a  featlicr,  a 
strand  of  Ix-ads,  and  aii  ornuTuent. 

Tlie  tliird  workman  is  still  inore  slcilled  and  wears  a  larirer  feather 
and  two  strands  of  b(<ads.  He  liolds  tlie  rtx-k  in  his  h'ft  hand  and  strilcis 
it  witli  a  stone  hammer  in  order  to  knock  the  Hakes  olY  and  reduce  tli" 
T\v\o  specimen  to  something  near  tlm  ]>roper  shape.  He  knows  what  kiml 
of  an  implement  Can  1h' tx'st  made  from  each  particular  boulder.  Jf  tlic 
stone  is  llinty,  he  will  reduce  it  to  a  leaf-sha])e  or  strike  olf  leaf-sha]ifd 
spalls  and  throw  them  in  tlu^  pile  at  tlie  left  of  his  foot.  Anotjicr  work- 
man will  make  these  into  arrow-points  and  spear-heads.  If  tlie  stone  is 
more  lik(>  granite,  he  will  make  it  somewhat  in  the  slia])e  of  a  stone  av 
or  lunnmer  aiid  ]>!ace  it  with  tho.^e  further  to  his  left  for  another  slalled 
Workman  to  tlnisli.  So  this  picture  may  rei)resent  a  sho])  for  makiuir 
clii]>]tt^l-llint  arrow  points  and  si)ear  h(«ids,  or  one  for  making  i)olished 
stone  axes,  hammers,  and  tmnaliawks. 

There  art^  two  mf>re  skilled  woi-l.men  to  be  em])loyed  in  flnishin'g 
these  tooL^  and  iTii]»](Mnents,  l>ut  lu^itlier  is  shown  m  tlie  y*icfui-e.  One  is 
to  mak(»  arrow-])oints  and  spcur-heads  out  :)f  the  leaf-sha]ied  Hints  :  the 
f)th('r  is  to  Tiiake  stone  axes  and  liammers  out  of  the  granite  like  uu- 
timshed  ])roducts. 

How  dot^s  worlcman  No.  -1  iinisli  the  arrow  point?  lb-"  holds  t)ie  rude 
Hint  m  his  left  hand  and  strikes  off  some  more  s])alls.  He  then  )>uts  on 
1b(>  rmisliintr  touches  by  ])ressing  a  hard  notched  deer-h<irn  airainst  tlie 
edires.  Notici^  the  small  llak(\s  have  bt>en  neatly  and  regularly  ])resse.d 
oil  ;ilorig  the  edges  of  a  Hint  to  sbarjK'n  it.     'J'lie  notch  that  makes  tlie 


2-i  PRE-HISTORIC  INDIANS— POLI3HKD  HTONE   AUE.  | 

stem  is  made  by  pressure  also.     An  Indian  can  make  a  Hint  implement  in       \ 
about  a  half  hour  if  everything  works  wt'll.     lie  can  cut  a  Hint  in  two  by 
pressing  oii  small  Hakes  with  a  (juick  firm  ])ressure.     Tliis  fourth  w.jrk-        ' 
man  did  not  always  have  bis  shop  near  tliat  of  the  lirst  three.     Captain        I 
John  JSmith  said:  "He  maketli  liis   arrow-i)oints    from    Tuany   dilferent 
stones  with  a  little  bone  which  he  wiuiri'th  at  his  side. "     ( )ur  Lrravel-bniiks 
have  numerous  small  Hint  nodule-;,  as  well  as  jasjx^r  and  inueh  clicrt, 
suitable  for  making' arrow  points.     Many  of  the  boulders  .'^cuttered  over 
our  county  are  black  quartz  or  hornstone  suitable  for  making,'  the  larger       ; 
and  ooiirser  spear-he:ids.  javelins,  knives,  dirks,  etc.  i' 

Workman  N(j.  5,  not  shown  m  the  ])icturo,  takes  the  rude  irranite 
•pi'oduct  made  by  No.  3  and  chips  it  down  with  a  smaller  hammer  to  luar       (^ 
tlie  proper  shape  of  a  liuislied  hammer,  ax,  or  celt.     He  then  takes  a  liard 
sharp  stone  like  (juartz  or  Hint  and  ])eeks  olY  the  elevations.     You  can  >f,^        ' 
the  peck-marks  on  many  of  the  axes,    ttnnahawks,    etc.     Next,  if  he  Id- 
time  and  wishes  to  make  a  nice  imi)lement,  ho  takes  a  course  sandstmir 
and  grinds  the  ])eek marks  out ;  or  this  can  be  done  by  rubbing  the  s]).-ci.        ; 
men  on  a  large  sandstone.     Then  he  takes  a  stone-ball  with  a  finer  grit        \ 
and  grinds  out  all  the  scratches.     A  polishing-stone  with  a  still  liner  u'lit        f* 
then  puts  on  the  polish.     No  doubt  but  rubbing  with  hard  wofxl  w(Hii.i 
make  a  still  smoother  finish.      You  can  find  s])eeiinens  tluit  are  poli.sju'd        ; 
all  o\-er  ;  but  usually  ail  i>cck-marks  an;  nut  groun^i  "Ut  c.Krt'pr   nt-iir    li.i- 
edge  and  tliere  it  may  have  been  done  ]>y  use.     The   handle  gcntn-auT 
jwlished  the  groove  by  wearing.     These  implements  gave  the  name  to  the 
Polislied  Stone  Age,  although  ehip])ed-llint  tools  continued  in  more  fro         \' 
quent  use  than  i)ohshed  im])lements.  I' 

These  axes,  liammers,  etc.,  were  seldom  made  of  Hint  but  generally  t' 
of  a  much  softer  rock  tiiat  could  ])e  easily  peeked  and  ground.  Thouijh  t\ 
soft,  the  stone  is  exc.-H^dinsly  tough  and  very  hard  to  break.  Mostofcnir  J_ 
tx)mahav.'ks  are  made  of  a  Hne-grained  r(K'k  that  is  greenish  in  color  and  j> 
called  greenstone  ;  or  of  a  blackish  stone  called  hornbbmde  ;  or,  the  most  ( 
conunon,  of  a  very  Hne-grained  rock  com])osed  of  mingled  lii^ht  and  dark  ':' 
shades  and  called  diorite.  Axes  and  hammers  were  oft(Mi  maile  of  tlie  j4J 
same  rocks  as  were  the  tomahawks  but  sometimes  of  granite.  Occasion-  U 
ally  a  hard  sandstone  called  quart/.ite  was  used.  Ornaments  were  madi^  T 
of  slate  or  shale  and  are  generally  soft.  '. 

Polished-stone  workshops  were  few  com]iared  with  the  Hint  work- 
shops. ProV)ably  jKjlished  tools  were  often  blocked  out  near  where  found 
scattered  over  the  surface  of  our  c<junty.  ; 

iSoth  ivoiished  and  chipped  imj>lcments  can  )je  more  easily  made  from  ' 
scattered  lK)ulders  like  ours  than  fn'Jm  rock  that  is  found  in  strata  in  the 
mcnintains  bocaust^  nature  has  often  lart^oly  sha]ii)ed  the  t()ol.  Boulders 
that  are  covered  witli  earth  work  much  more  easily  than  thos<>  on  thf 
surface.  ■Slany  rcK:'ks  harden  on  being  exposed  to  the  sun.  rain,  and  air. 
Heavy  mortars,  ]iestl(>s,  and  mauls  were  not  usually  carried  far  from  Die 
])lace  wher»^  manufactured,  except  line  specimens.  (Grooved  axes,  toma- 
hav^-ks,  drills,  knives,  sera])ers.  spenr-hends,  and  arrow-points  were  cur 
ried  far  and  wi(h^  and  from  tribe  to  tribe. 

The  chief  eastern  work-shops  and  village  sites  of  Hiis  j)re-hist<irie  t 
race  were  located  near  NS'ashington,  our  capital  city.  Strang(^  that  * 
the  oldest  stone  im])lenients  of  Euroi)e  are  found  near  two  of  the  gjcitt-  i 
est  cities  of  the  world,  counting  cnilture  and  civili/^ition, — l^oridon  and 
Paris. 


DI^COVEKY.  25 

There  are  k  hundred  flints  to  one  ])oHshed  stone.  This  shows  which 
was  the  more  iisdul.  Th(>  ijojislit'd  oni's  were  hixnri''s.  The  cdiio  and 
f:roove  were  made  Ijet'oro  the  ston(;  was  pohshed.  For  (h-ilUiiL;  boles  in 
stones,  the  aboriirinMl  uswl  u  straiu:ht  stick,  sand  and  water  ottcn<'r  than 
anythintr  else.  Sometimes  a  piece  of  hone,  liorn.  or  Hint  was  u.sod.  The 
drill  was  sometimes  turned  by  r(iilin<j:  it  between  the  hands,  or  between 
tlie  hand  and  lt"_'.  Sometimes  tlie  bow-sirinLr  was  wrapped  around  the 
drill  and  work(Kl  like  a  sjiw,  the  u])jX'r  end  ui  the  drill  beint:  lu-ld  in  a 
pitted  stone.  Otliers  ran  the  drill  tliroui^h  a  hole  in  t]\e  ))Ow.  Wf)uud  tlie 
string  al)Out  the  upper  end  of  the  drill,  nnd  worked  the  bow  as  it  pump- 
ing. As  .soon  as  the  hole  was  startml,  plenty  of  sand  and  watci-  was  kept 
in  it. 


DISCOVERY. 


1000.  TriK  NousKMKX  discovered  Ameriea  about  louo  and  found  the 
country  inhabited  by  savage  Ksquimaiax  and  dwarfs  who  lived  us  tar 
south  as  the  Carolinas,  as  has  been  determined  by  their  remains.  Thi.s 
is  some  evidence  that  the  Es(]uimaux  may  have  lived  in  Auglaize  county. 
Our  county  being  a  part  of  the  continent,  was  discovered  on  the  date 
Lientim^c-l  .iV.  sve. 

141*2.  Oor.uMBUs  discoveriHl  Ameriea  on  this  date  and  of  course  our 
County  was  included.  He  found  the  Indians  with  dasky  skins  painted  in 
a  variety  of  colors.  They  were  naked  in  summer  but  wore  skins  in 
winter.  They  nnn^  have  driven  the  Ksciuimau.x  to  the  lujrth.  It  is 
supposed  that  there  were  not  over  18,000  Indians  in  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illi- 
nois, Michii^-an  and  Kentucky  when  Columbus  discovered  America. 
Some  contagious  disease  may  have  deiwpulated  the  country.  Ohio  re- 
mained open  to  Indian  immigration  hnig  after  America.  Ix-gan  to  he 
eoloni/ed  by  Europeans.  It  is  probable  that  our  county  was  only  a 
hunting  ground  at  that  early  date  and  tiiat  there  was  no  Indian  .settle- 
ment or  town  here.  Spain  claimed  the  continent  of  course,  including  our 
county. 

From  about  1000  to  1492,  nearly  five  hundred  years,  is  a  wide  gap 
when  you  rememl)er  it  has  been,  only  about  four  hundred  years  sinc^  Col- 
umous  di.'t.f^overed  this  countrv.     (-rieat  events  evidtmtly  took  place  here, 

I  but  they  are  lost  to  history.  Back  of  the  nine  hundred  years  that  have 
ela])sed  since  tlu?  Norsemen  discovered  this  country,  must  be  added 
probably  many  thousiinds  of  years  in  (.rdnr  to  cover  the  lost  history  of 
I  the  liumau  race  in  our  county.  Savage  tribes  ])ressed  from  all  directions 
toward  these  hunting  and  lishing  grounds;  thus  strange  bands  met  in 
Iriuditful  struLTgles  to  det^n-mine  which  should  bo  exterminat^^d.  The 
[  stdue  weapons  of  our  county  may  have  l)ee!i  all  that  was  left  aft(^r  many 
i  a  tribal  death-struu'gle,  as  frightful  in  carnage  as  any  chronicled  in  the 
{,        l»ages  of  history, 

i  1497-s.     TriF.   Carots   explored    the   Atlantic  coast  and  furnished  a 

I       basis  for  England's  claim  to  tlie  Unit^Ml  Stjites. 

i  KiOij.     Tup;  LoNiK)N' AND  Pi.Y.MoL'rn   Comcaniks  secured  a  gra at  from 

I       England,  over  one  hundred  miles  wide,  to  beheld  in  common  and  open  to 
i       ^-ettlement  by  either  company.     Our  county  was  includ(Hl  in  the  tract. 
I  1007.     TiiK  Fiu.sT  E.vtiLisu  Skttlkmknt  made  in  the  United  States  was 

|;      ut  .hunestown.     Notice  that  this  is  over  one  hundred  years  after  the  dis- 


26 


THK  i^HADCnV  OF  A1'TH1:NT1C  HISTOHY 


covery  l)y  Columbus,  and  about  ono  hundred  and  litty  years  before  we 

have  any  autlientie  history  of  man  in  Aui,4ai'/o  county.  Our  history  is 
extremely  new.  We  must  jumv)  spaces  ot  nullions,  lliousiinds,  and  liun- 
dreds  of  years  to  reach  the  autuentic  be:;innini,'.  ()ur  written  history  is 
a  more  liu-ht-houso  of^  ono-candle  ])0\ver  that  sends  its  teeblo  rays  in  all 
directiOTis  exoej)t  toward  tht>  enormous  shait  U])on  wliieh  it  st^inds  and 
upon  which  Time  has  expended  its  enorj,'y  throujj^h  millions  of  years  of 
the  prehistoric  past. 


THE  SHADOW  OF  AUTIIKNTIC  HIS1X)KY 


l(Ui9-70.  LaSvi.lk,  a  French  (?xplorer,  with  twenty-four  men,  went 
from  Lake  Erie  across  our  state  to  rlu^  Ohio  river  and  down  it  as  far  as 
Louisville,  Kentucky.      It  is  quite  probabU*  that  Miey  passed  throut^h  Au- 

Lrlai/e  county    for   they  went  up  a 


mtpt:— *i.^:i«nfl?'"*: 


■  'i^r"*^-*  -^  r:if«r<;-* 


^^ 


river  from  liake  Erie  to  our  water- 
slied  and  floated  down  some  river 
to  the  Ohio.  It  was  probably  the 
Muskinjruni,  the  Scioto,  or  tli*^  Mi- 
anii  that  he  went  down.  The  la-^t 
tv.-o  Tiamed  rise  v.i  our  county,  '-^.i 
the  ftimons  ex])loror,  LaSalle.  may 
have  been  the  first  wliite  man  to 
.set  foot  on  our  S(m1.  "We  .should  h^ 
i^lad  to  be,2,'in  the  authentic  history 
of  our  county  with  such  a  noted 
l)ers(3n. 

He  discovered  the  Ohio  river  in 
this  expedition,  and  France  laiil 
claim  to  our  county  basini:  her 
claims  on  this  and  later  ex])lora- 
tions  of  this  famous  traveler,  and 
continued  to  claim  it  until  17'()o — 
nearly  a  hundred  years. 

One  night  at  tlie  Falls  of  the 
Ohio  (Louisville)  LaSalle's  men  ])e- 
camo  afraid  to  follow  hiTU  furtlii'r, 
and  stole  away  in  tlui  darkn<\ss. 
Alone,  a  thousand  miles  fro7ii  Moii 
treal,  he  struck  out  throuiji,h  tlu* 
wilderness  for  that  French  city  a7id  reached  it  aftor  his  friends  Jiad  givi-n 
him  u]>  for  lost.  Attain,  it  is  rjuiti^  reasonable  to  suppose  tliat  he  passed 
tJu-oui,'li  our  county  on  his  return  trip. 

IjaSiille  was  self  willed.  h;id  an  invincible  determination  of  purpiose, 
was  deprived  of  his  inlun-itance  by  his  father,  learni'd  the  Indian  lan- 
guaji;es,  tnught  schoi^l,  was  a  natural  born  leader,  souirht  a  western  ])i\.>- 
sai^e  to  Cliina,  was  the  AniericuTi  LiviTiu'ston,  had  nn  excellent  character, 
and  made  his  cancer  add  so  larictdy  to  liistory  that  authors  have  made  his 
life  the  subject  for  volnmes. 

Ijit!le  we  know  of  the  heroism  required,  or  the  fortitude  endured  as 
he  led  his  band  around  our  swamps,  throu<j:ii  our  thielo-ts,  a'.,'ainst  our 
sava'40  Imlims,  after  the  wild  animals; — as  hi^  called  his  frightened  men 


f 


LA  SALLE. 

Tho  First  While  Mini  to  Set  Fom  in  Au^ 
Oouritv. 


I'm;  iMiAMis. 


iirouud  the  liro  on  a  wintry  nit^'ht  to  iircje  tliom  to  follow  liiin  ono  day 
more  into  tlie  unknown  wildci-noss.  Mueh  Irss  are  we  iil)le  to  realize  tlio 
lKirdshi])s  ho  endured  when  he  made  llu^  return  ti"i])  alone;  lay  at  mid- 
night upon  the  trozen  ground  in  the  lieart  of  the  wilderm^ss  a  thousand 
miles  from  civilization,  alone;  faeed  the  savage  world  of  man  and  ani- 
}  iiials  alone  ;  bore  the  pangs  caused  by  deserting  friends,  of  tliwartcd  ambi- 
tion, alone.  \S"e  do  not  now  know  what ''alone"  means  ;  nor  rciilize  Tliat 
tlie  first  explorers  of  a  continent,  the  forerunners  of  civilizfition,  w{>re 
often  little  Spartan  bands  that  not  only  held  whole  liordes  of  sjivage  men 
and  beasts  at  bay  but  were  the  vanguard  of  the  forces  that  were  to  chase 
lti)th  olf  the  c<.)ntinent. 


THE  mja:»us 

IGOO.  Thk  Ai.cDXvi'iN  Family,  it  has  been  estimated,  had  a  po])ula- 
tion  of  ',>r.O,(iOO  in  H'OO.  They  occupied  all  of  Morth  AnnM'ica  (\ist  of  the 
Mississippi  and  north  of  the  latitude  of  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio,  except 
New  York  and  t'^rritory  just  north,  which  was  inhabited  by  tlie  Jroquoi^i. 

Among  the  most  important  tribes  of  this  family  were  the  Miamis, 
llie  IShawu  'OS.  rlie  (')i;a\vf,s.  lall  living  'in  or  near  Auglai/c  county  at 
times)  the  De'awares,  and  the  I'owhatans. 

The  Algonquins  numbered  about  half  tl\e  original  pojmlation  but 
were  already  decreasing  when  the  white  man  came.  Their  original  seat 
was  on  the  Ottawa  in  Canada.  I'he  tribes  v;ere  roaming  hunters  and 
sulfered  more  than  any  other  from  tht?  white  man's  spirit,  rmn  and 
weapons.  The  great  holders,  Blaclc  Hawk,  Mass;rssowit,  King  IMiilij), 
Little  Turtle.  Blue  Jacket,  Pontiac,  Blackhoof,  and  Tecuinseh  bf^longed  to 
tins  family  as  did  also  th(^  widl-known  Pocahontas. 

At  tlie  close  of  the  French  and  Indian  war  in  17'".:j,  all  their  territory 
m  Ohio  was  ceded  to  the  English  by  the  French.  Thej^  liad  fav(n'ed  the 
French  and  so  were  left  unprotected.  Pontiac  united  nmny  of  the  tribes 
tor  a  final  etf(n't  against  the  Enirlish  but  failed  at  the  end  of  two  years, 
after  capturing  and  butchering  many  wliitcs. 

It'iSi*.  By  this  time  all  the  English  c(d(mies  had  been  founded  ex('e])t 
(Jeorgia.  LaSalle  had  given  France  a  wide  domain.  A  struggle  between 
Franct^  and  Eniiland  be^an  which  lasted  until  17t):5,  seventy-four  years. 
Our  county  was  included  in  tlie  dis])uted  territory  that  caused  their  Ihu'C- 
<-t  struggle  in  America  :  the  French  and  Inilian  War. 

1700  Thk  Ixdi.vn  tribes  probably  occupied  our  county  in  the  follow- 
ing order  :  Miamis,  Wyamlots,  and  Shawnecs.  They  will  be  tak<M\  up 
ui  tla^  order  nained.  The  lirst  two  may  have  us(>d  our  coimty  chielly  as 
iiuiiting  grounds  ;  while  the  Shawnees  lived  here  fifty  years. 

1700.  T)IK  Miamis  lived  in  our  county  or  claimed  it  beloro  1700. 
They  w(>re  the  first  Indian  occupants  within  histoi'ic  times.  Some  writej-s 
tliink  they  were  tlie  original  occu])ants  north-v.-est  of  the  Oliio,  incluiliiiu' 
I'ven  northern  Ohio.  They  wen^  here  earlier  than  the  AVyandots.  It  is 
f'-rtain  that  tliey  were  the  chief  occu])ants  of  the  Miami  and  Maumee  val- 
leys and  that  tract  includes  our  Cnunty.  They  claimed  to  Ix^  tlu^  original 
iH'oj.le  of  tlie  Miami  vallev  and  said  that  (^(^1  had  creuled  fherii  then?, 
l-ittle  Turtle,  a  Miami  C'liief.  said  at  (-Jreenville  in  17'.ir> :  "My  fathers 
kindled  the  first  fire.s  at  Detroit,  tlience  extended  tlunr  iKnindaries  to  the 


28  '  THL'  Ml  AMIS. 

head  waters  of  the  Scioto,  (in  Ani^luizo  county)  thence  down  the  Scioto 
and  Ohio  t-o  the  mouth  ot  tlio  Wahush,  and  tluim^o  to  <Jhic:i<j:o."  Tliis 
would  inchide  most  of  our  county.  It  is  i)vobahle  that  thoy  once  extend- 
ed  further  east  than  the  line  he  names.  The  Miamis  were  crowded  away 
from  Chicago  hy  the  Pottawottomies. 

1725.  The  French  were  ti-adint(  with  the  Indians  on  the  ^hiumee  an^i 
its  tributaries  and  may  have  reached  our  county. 

17:-52.  Was]iinij:ton  was  born.  This  .section  of  country  inohidin,!^  our 
county  was  destiiied  to  tnve  him  jxreat  concern  thirinu;  tlio  French  and 
Indian  War  and  duriui;  his  administration  as  President  of  ttie  United 
St-ates. 

1715.  TiiK  Inpian  P<-)1'ULA'1'i<>n  of  Ohio  was  only  ?.000  to  ."i.OOO  when 
the  first  whit<>  man  came  to  oiir  state.  It  is  more  millioTis  now  than  it 
was  thou.sands  then.  This  shows  the  advanray:e  of  au:nrullure  and  ma7i- 
ufactures  over  huntmjj:  as  a  means  of  subsistence.  The  coni])arisi<n  in 
civiliziition  may  sliow  ancither  advanta.Lre.  Possiljly  the  Indian  luid  Vmh-u 
more  civilized  in  previous  Times  wluni  the  poiailation  was  larger  and  tlie 
struggle  for  existence  greater.  Tlie  population  may  have  been  mostly 
destroyed  and  the  Indiau  de.ii^onerated  a,L,'ain  to  the  hunter.  A  wild  miin 
requires  50,UU0  acres  in  order  to  support  his  tumiiy  by  liunlinjL?  throuii^h  a 
series  of  years.     Ptn-haps  it  would  bt;  truer  to  say,  by  hunting  and  Us]uu»_;. 

17-15.  The  Fi?KXCH  Ti{Ai)r:i>  with  the  liauans  of  our  section  l>et()re 
this  date.  Then  the  Enghsii  began  to  come  into  Ohio  from  Pennsylvania 
and  Virginia,  but  got  little  foothold  until  after  tho  battle  of  Ft.  DurpK-n.se 
in  1758  after  which  time  they  occupied  some  portion  until  after  the  Jiev- 
olutionary  War  in  ViKi. 

174N.  At  TiiK  Ti'.KATY  OK  Alhany,  tho  Miamis  joined  six  orher  na- 
tions in  agreeing  to  support  the  English  ;  but  they  failed  to  live  u])  to  the 
terms  of  the  treaty. 

17t8.  Fort  AuciLAiZK  was  built  liy  the  French  one  and  one-hulf 
miles  east  of  Wapakoneta.  It  is  supposed  that  it  was  an  imitortimt 
P'reneh  trading  post.  Clotliing.  ornaments,  whisky,  guns  and  annaumt- 
ioxi  were  traded  for  fur  and  hides. 

Our  county  was  on  the  line  of  forts  bnilt  by  the  French  to  ])rotect  Lou- 
isiana.    Loramie,  St.  Marys,  Duchoiujuet  and  Auglai/e  are  French  names. 

1719-1814.  TuK  Chikk  (tatk-Way  for  Indians  and  wliites  iKstwcfU 
Lake  Erie  and  the  Ohio  river  for  tlie  sixty-hve  years  indicated,  was  Au- 
glaize county.  Tiie  reader  sliould  remember  that  tlie  Maumee  rises  in 
the  southern  ])!irt  of  our  county  .south  oi  Wapakon«?ta  and  Hows  nortli 
into  Lake  Kne,  and  that  the  (ireat  Miami  rises  a  few  miles  furrlier  e.-ist 
in  our  c.ouuty  and  Hows  sontli  into  tlie  Oliio.  The  stniree  of  the  St. 
Marys  is  really  the  source  of  tlie  Maumee.  Bouts  could  i)ly  on  the  Miumi 
irom  our  county  to  the  Ohio  and  on  tlie  Maumee^  from  liere  to  Lake  Erie. 
Boats  coming  up  the  Miami  usually  st()])p<'d  at  Loramie  just  south  of  our 
county.  I'rom  that  point  the  goods  were  carried  by  wagons,  \iiick  horses. 
or  otherwise  twelve  miles  nortli  across  the  wat(>rshed  to  St.  Marys. 
Tliere  they  were  ])laeed  in  boats  again  and  sunt  on  down  the  river.  Mimy 
Indians,  white  men,  and  armies  traveled  across  this  ])ortage  in  our  county 
going  sonu^times  north,  sometimes  south.  It  often  hai)iK!ne<l  thut  tlie 
boats  tlicne-,t'l\('.s  were  taken  acn-oss  the  portau-e  on  wagons.  In  times  of 
high  wator  they  had  to  be  carried  l)ut  six  nnlcs.  When  the  wattn- 
waslowtiieyliad  to  1)(!  hauled  from  Piqua  to  St.  Marys,  a,  distance  of 
tweutv-six  miles. 


THE  MIAMTS.  29 

Prohably  this  same  ])ortac:e  und  tlieso  same  rivers  were  used  by  the 
different  tribes  of  Indians  loni,''  1)('fori^  the  white  nia7i  eaino.  In  later 
years,  our  state  recoirni'/ed  tlie  imiiortanee  of  tliis  route  by  eonstruetin.'c 
the  Miami  and  Erie  Canal  over  it.  lu  still  later  years  the  O.  il.  ife  D.  11.  K. 
was  built  over  m^arly  the  same  route.  Now  the  United  States  is  consid- 
erim;  the  proiu'iety  of  buildin-i' a  t^^reat  shq)  canal  alon'i^  the  path  of  the 
old  Indian  trail — a  trail  followed  by  majiy  a  hunter,  trader,  scout,  iinmi- 
trrant,  U.  S.  airent,  U.  !S.  Judij:e,  and  council  delegation  ; — Ijy  many  a 
sjivaiire  band  of  Indian  warriors  and  by  several  detatchments  of  U.  S.  and 
state  troo]js.  The  early  history  of  this  trail  shows  how  n^idily  even  a 
barbarous   peopL^  take  advantaire  of  favorable  natural  (>onditions. 

In  the  early  struiji^les  with  the  Indians  and  the  British,  nearly  all 
the  iirmv  sup])lies  were  carried  throiTj:h  here  fron\  Loramie  to  iSt.  Marys. 

K-nmr  a  natural  L'ateway,  no  doubt  but  our  county  was  a  centor  to 
which  all  trails  led — and  this  long  btifore  history  was  writtfm  as  well  as 
in  later  times.  Some  of  the  most  nii]Kn"tant  Indian  war  paths  in  this 
country  conver<i;ed  to  a  point  in  Auii;lai/,e  county. 

Minster.  New  Bremen,  St.  Marys,  and  Kossuth  are  the  towns  in  our 
countv  located  on  or  near  tlio  trail  most  frequented.  Another  important 
carrynur-2:round  extended  from  St.  Marys  to  Ft.  Amanda. 

(>uv  countv  was  also  an  impovtnnt  council  point;  esuecially  at  Wa- 
IJikoncta  and  St.  i^larys.  I'he  St.  IsJarys  river  and  a  lino  drawn  from 
St.  Marys  to  Loramies  was  an  important  boundary  line  in  many  treaties, 
and  Loramie  was  one  of  tlie  most  important  corner  stones  in  treaty  lines 
to  be  found  in  Indian  hist*:)rv. 

Durin'i-  the  early  history  of  this  part  of  the  country,  the  Indians  them- 
selves did  not  agree  as  to  the  boundaries  that  se])arated  tho  several 
tribes,  but  the  Miamis  always  claimed  that  they  had  the  best  original 
title  to  our  county. 

J7-l'.).  LoKAMit;,  St.  Marys,  AND  Waiwkoneta  were  important  trad- 
ing stations  Ix'tween  the  Indians  and  French  at  first,  then  between  the 
Indians  and  both  French  and  English,  and  later  between  tho  Indians  and 
English 

174',>.  ()Lr>  Britain',  or  Daimosp:!.!.!-:.  the  great  Miami  chief,  came 
from  ('.inada,  probably  led  his  band  through  our  county,  settled  at  Pick- 
awillaiiy  I'aftcrwards  called  Loramie),  and  built  there  an  Indiun  town. 
lie  was  chief  of  the  Miami  Confederacy,  numbering  2,000  souls. 

The  English  tind  French  both  traded  at  Pickawillany  (Loramie)  but 
the  Eu'jlish  won  the  favors  of  the  .Miamis  and  secured  most  of  their  trade 
nuich  to  the  annoyance  of  tho  French  who  claimed  the  country.      * 

Two  Hundred  Frkxcii  and  thirty-five  Indians,  within  this  year, 
came  down  the  Ohio  and  u]i  the  Miami  to  Pickawillany  (Loramie)  to  in- 
<luce  Old  Britain  and  his  !^liamis  to  drive  the  Engli.sh  traders  away  and 
and  to  go  with  them  and  settle  at  Yt.  Wayne.  The  French  waited  and 
argued  some  days  giving  the  IiK.lians  toba(TO  and  whisky.  The  Indians 
hid  the  English  and  ])romised  to  move  to  Ft.  Wayne  at  some  more  con- 
Vf.'nient  time.  They  felt  tliat  God  had  created  them  in  th(^  Miami  ValU-y 
and  were  loth  to  leave  it.  Not  being  able  to  get  much  satisfaction  out  of 
Old  Britain  in  the  way  of  promises,  they  left  for  Canada  jiassing  through 
our  county  on  the  way.  These  Frenchmen  Iniried  lea(l-i)lates  on  the 
Nvay  and  again  claimed  the  country  for  France. 

Th<>  Miamis  continued  friendly  to  the  Ihiglish  and  more  traders  came 
to  Lfiramie.     At  times  there  w^'ro  as  many  as  fifty. 


30  THE  MIAMIS. 

1749.  The  First  ENOUsn  Skttlkmknt  in  Onio  wns  made  witliiji 
sight  of  our  county  lino  at  Ll)rllmi(^  in  17  lU.  Up  to  that  time  the  En^- 
hsh  hiid  wandered  from  trading  \)os\.  to  trading  i)OSt  bur  luid  no  betllo- 
ment.  During  this  ye'ir  they  made  one  at  the  great  Miami  Capital, 
Pickawillany,  or  Loranue.  This  capital  laid  hundreds  of  wigwams  and  a 
large  bark  council  house  near  tlw  cenu-r.  Most  ])ersons  are  aware  t)iat 
tlie  French  entered  Ohio  frnm  the  west  but  it  is  not  so  well  known  that 
the  lirst  English  settlement  in  tlio  state  was  made  near  the  southmn 
boundary  of  Auglaize  country,  when  (leorgo  Washington  was  Imt  seven- 
teen years  old. 

V::>0.  Tni:  Ex'iLi^n  That>kks  at  Loramie  bought  ])rivileges  and  built 
a  stockade.  It  is  said  these  rights  were  obtained  the  year  before  l)y 
treaty.     Of  course  this  made  the  Erench  angry  at  the  Miamis. 

This  date,  or  the  year  before,  is  as  far  back  as  we  liave  any  authent.f 
history  of  the  Indian  tribes  of  our  ci)unty  or  stHto.  No  doubt  but  (mr 
severa'l  tribes  had  come  from  the  Atlantic  coast  or  near  it,  from  ^\ili(•h 
they  had  l;een  driven  by  the  whites. 

.  ^li.jl.  LouAMiE,  on  this  dat^.>  was  ono  of  the  strongest  Indian  towns 
on  the  continent.  Four  huTidred  Indian  families  lived  there  \">'-ithin  tlu- 
stockade.  The  French  trading  posrs  in  our  county,  tlie  English  srttle 
ment  ut  Lonimie  at  the  lurL'e  fortiiictl  Indian  town  just  over  our  bound- 
ary, the  natural  gateway  tiiat  this  already  was,  the  di.simted  l4;rriiwry, 
the  lirst  point  of  contact  between  tlie  i)ioneers  of  the  two  great  na'tions 
of  Europe  all  led  to  make  this  section  ])rominent  in  the  minds  not  only 
of  the  red  and  white  men  on  this  side  of  the  sea,  but  also  in  the  delibera- 
tions of  two  great  nations  beyond  the  waters. 

i^rri.  CriRlsTOPFiF.R  (4isT  was  the  lirst  Englishman  to  visit  our  state 
in  an  othcial  cai)acity.     He   was   sent   out   to   exphjre   OJiio.     He,     with 

Crogan,  came  to  Pickawillany 
and  v.-ero  v/ell  ])leased  wuii 
the  Engh.sh  settlement.  This 
man,  so  noted  in  early  ( »hio 
history  may  not  have  been  in 
our  county,  but  he  came  to  the 
boundary^  Owing  to  his  e.x- 
ploi-ations,  which  were  oiiicial, 
the  English  laid  a  stronger 
claim  to  our  county  as  a  jKirt 
of  Virginia  which  had  si'nt 
Gist  out  on  this  exploration. 

1752.    TiiK  FiK.sT  B.vnLK  of 
TUK  French  ani>   Indian    Wwi 
was  fouirlit  just  over  our  south- 
ciiKisi'oi'iiKK  «;isT,  ern  boundary  line  when  Picku- 

The  tlrsi  Eiiflibh  UnUi:il  K.vpiorer  lo  .ipproacLi  our     willaiiy  (L<»rumie)  was    blotH'tl 

bouiid;kry.  ^^^^^  (jj-  existx-nce  by  tlic  French 

and  Indians  in  17r)3.     This  great  Miami  capital  lasted  less  than  ftnir  y.'urs 
after  the  English  settled  th, -re. 

As  stated  before,  the  French  were  angry  at  the  Indians  for  lavonng 
the  Eu'dish  at  Lu<rumie.  They  saw  that  this  town  was  and  would  likely 
continue  to  be  head<iuarters  for  troulde  unless  destroye<l :  so  the  Canadi- 
ans planned  to  wii)e  it  out  with   one   stroke.     A  few   French  and   sume 


h 


THE  M1AM16.  31 

Canadian  Indians  started  sontli  and  induced  tho  Ottawas,  Cliipi)Owa9,  and 
other  tribes  t«  join  tlieru.  Two  Immlreil  and  lit'ty  of  these  sa vu>.!:es  eainc 
up  the  at.  Marys  river  in  their  switt  birchen  eunoes  to  iSt.  Marys;  then 
crossed  the  portage  to  Loramie,  the  seat  ot  all  their  trouble  witli  western 
Indians  as  Canada  thouu'ht. 

Havinii-  arrived  at  tlie  taiuous  Miami  capital,  they  deniiiiuled  the  sur- 
render ot  the  ihiu'lish  traders  and  uttem|.red  to  -win  the  Indians  over  to 
the  French.  Failing  in  both,  they  attacked  and  destroyed  the  town. 
The  Ottawas  captured,  killed,  boikil,  and  ate  poor  Old  Britain.  The  at- 
tacking Indians  also  ate  the  heart  ot  oik'  ot  the  white  men  cajitured  mtlie 
i'ort,  and  carried  the  tradcn-s  not  killed  oil'  to  ('jinadu.  Having'  acctnu- 
])lished  their  puri)ose,  they,  with  their  captives,  returned  through  our 
county  no  doubt,  to  Canada. 

The  Miaiuis  were  disheartened  by  their  loss  and  plead  for  aid.  Tliey 
sent  for  lOnglish  help  saying  :  "We  have  killed  and  eaten  ten  of  the 
French  and  two  Negroes.  We  saw  Old  Britain  taken,  killed,  and  oaten 
within  a  hundred  yards  of  the  fort.  We  have  lost.  Send  us  help.  We 
are  willing  to  die  with  the  English  "  The  English  could  not  ju-otect 
them.  Is  it  any  wonder  that  the  Miiiniis,  in  after  years,  tletnded  in  favor 
of  the  French?  The  Indians  that  favored  tlie  French  in  these  early  times, 
showed  the  l)est  iud'/ement,  for  the  French  liked  the  Indians,  intermar- 
ried with  them,  and  disturbed  tliein  but  lUtle  in  their  hapjiy  huntniti 
grounds;  while  the  English  hated  thorn,  never  intermarried  with  them, 
drove  them  frotn  their  lands,  and  ruled  them  with  a  club  or  gun. 

Wliile  the  French  and  Indian  war  is  said  to  have  bouun  in  1751,  the 
lirst  battle  really  was  the  destruction  of  IMckawillany  (Eoranno)  in  17r>"J. 
Every  school  child  knows  that  (-Jeorge  SVashinirton  is  .s<iid  to  have  hn-d 
the  first  shot  in  this,  one  of  the  gi-eatest  wars  of  nnxlern  times,  and  that 
It  was  tired  near  Pittsburg,  the  gateway  to  the  west,  in  1751.  But  v.-ould 
it  not  be  truer  to  teach  our  children  that  the  French  had  be^'ome  alarm- 
ed at  the  settlement  of  the  English  at  another  gateway  in  the  we.st,  I.iOra- 
mle,  and  .sent  a  band  of  French  and  Indians  to  destroy  Old  Britian's 
Capital  and  the  English  settlenit*nt  there,  in  17')'2.  The  irateway  in  Au- 
glaize county  between  the  north  and  south  played  as  great  a  part  in  early 
liistory  as  did  Pittsburg  between  the  east  and  west.  The  first  English 
settlement  in  Ohio  was  at  Loramie  ;  the  French  sjiw  the  first  step  towards 
cheeking  the  inroads  of  the  Obio  Comiwmy  was  to  destroy  it ;  they  did  so 
and  this  was  the  first  1»attle  of  the  great  war  that  France  began  with 
twenty  times  as  much  tm-ritory  as  the  Eiurlisli  in  North  America  and 
ended  in  defeat  with  not  a  foot  of  land  left  on  tlu;  continent;  a  war 
which  covered  a  large  part  of  the  earth's  surface  ;  a  war  in  this  country 
with  such  g(!nerals  as  Washingt<m,  Wolf,  and  Montclam  ;  a  war  that 
gave  to  the  New  World  tlie  English  language,  laws,  and  ]n.-;titutions  in- 
stead of  tlie  French.  War  was  not  declared,  however,  until  Bradd(K;k's 
defeat  in  I7rj,j. 

17r)2.  The  Miamis  and  En;.rlish,  Ix^ing  driven  from  Pickawillaiiy 
(Loramie),  the  French  sertied  tliere,  and  estiiblished  a  trailing  station. 
A  man  named  Loramie  had  a  store  tliere,  hence  the  name. 

17.jl-17tio  TiiK  FiiKNoH  AND  Ixni.vx  W.vR  was  fought  within  theso 
ycjirs,  according  to  the  to.\t-lK«jks.  The  Fiencli  guarded  their  ])Ossessions 
with  over  sixty  military  posts,  one  of  which  was  Fort  Auglai/e  built  in 
174S  near  \Vapakone(ii. 


32  THE   WYAXnOTS. 

1762.  Thk  Battlk  of  Piqua  was  fougrht  in  this  yparnnd  was  anotlior 
one  of  the  French  and  IiKlian  war.  Rv  tliis  t\mo.  tho  Mianiis  had  left 
the  Encrlish  and  favored  the  Freiicli.  Tho  Wyaiidots  and  otlior  northern 
tribes  also  adhered  to  the  French.  Tho  Miami  towns  were  at  iMqua.  Tln' 
sliawuoes  and  some  other  Tribes  favored  th*^  Fucrlish.  Do  you  reahze 
that  the  French  and  the  Eni,di.-i]i  eacl'  used  every  eiVort  to  frain  th(>  sujiport 
of  the  several  Indian  trilies?  Is  it  any  wonder  that  the  Indiaiis  did  rxot 
know  which  to  favor — that  they  first  favored  one  and  then  the  otlu'ry 
The  Miamis  were  unfortunate  in  bein;;-  on  the  wronu'  side  at  Piekawilhinv 
(Loramic)  and  they  are  now  ag-ain  unfortunate  in  l)eing  again  on  tlui 
wronfr  side  at  Piqua. 

The  Enalish  traders,  the  i^hawnees,  and  other  tril)0s  attjicked  tlio 
Mianiis  at  Piqua.  While  the  Mianiis  were  not  exactly  defeated,  they 
found  it  convenient  to  move  to  Ft.  Wayne  never  to  return  to  livi\ 

Other  tribes  ensaired  in  this  war  were  the  Wyandots,  the  Dtda wares, 
the  C'herokees,  the  Catawbas,  and  a  part  of  the  Senecas. 

Blackhooff,  the  trreat  tSiiawnee  chief,  led  the  t^hawnees  in  tliis  battle. 
He  said  the  sie^e  lasted  over  a  week  and  that  bucketfuls  of  bullets  could 
be  picked  up  al^out  the  fort  after  the  battle. 

Fort  Piqua  was  built  later  by  Wayiie  four  niiles  above  IMqua. 

The  Mianii^  did  not  tieht  this  battle  alone  and  no  doubt  but  several 
of  tho  tribes  that  joined  them  came  and  went  throu'i:h  (iur  cuunfy.  it  i- 
also  likely  that  when  the  Miamis  leit  Piqua  for  Fort  Wayne  that  they 
followed  the  water  route  and  carried  their  freight  and  conducted  their 
families  over  tho  portage  to  St.  Marys  and  tlien  went  down  the  river. 
All  the  burdens  carried  over  our  portatro  were  not  stra])ped  on  the  backs 
of  squaws  :  some  of  them  were  in  the  hearts  of  great  explorers  ;  of  cap- 
tives on  the  way  to  the  stake  :  of  naked  half -starved  salvages  iroing  home 
aft-er  defeat  ;  of  whole  tribes  driven  from  their  homes  to  wliich  they  had 
formed  closer  attachments  than  we  can  ever  know.  Time  has  .^een 
strange  pageants  pass  our  way. 

1TG2.  Tni:  h^nAWNKKS  having  aided  in  driving  the  Miamis  from 
Piqua,  now  took  their  places  at  that  place. 

So  far  the  history  of  our  county  has  been  given  under  the  Miamis 
because  it  •leoms  they  had  the  Ix'st  title  to  our  county.  After  a  fi'w 
words  concerjiing  the  Wyandots,  the  history  will  bo  continued  under  the 
Ciiption  SHAWNEES. 


THE  WYANDOTS. 


TnK  Wyandot-Iroquiax  Family,  through  otie  of  its  tril)es,  played  a 
prominent  jiart  in  tlie  history  of  our  county.  The  Iroquois  included  th(^ 
Five  Nations  of  New  York,  and  later  the  Tuscarawas,  the  Sixth,  and 
formed  such  a  hatred  to  the  French  that  they  ke])t  them  from  settling  »>n 
the  Hudson.  Think  what  a  great  advaiitage  this  was  to  the  English. 
The  Wyandots,  those  in  which  we  are  concerned,  lived  across  the  lake  in 
Canada.  The  great  family'  mentioned  above  included  the  Fries  and 
Senecas. 

1400.  Tradition  has  it  that  Hiawatha  founded  tb.e  great  IrfXpinian 
Confederacy,  iueluding  the  Wyand<its,  about  1400,  an<l  tiien  in  view  of  tlu; 
council  to  whom  he  liad  given  his  jilan  of  government,  arose  with  his 
canoe  to  the  skies. 


THE   WYANDOTS.  33 

In  all,  there  were  nine  iillioil  nations  in  this  confederacy.  These  In- 
dians wore  bravo,  patriotic,  elo(|uent,  faitlilul.  vet  terrible.  They  built 
a  few  YillH'.re.«;  and  tilled  the  soil  to  some  exlejit.  When  the  whites  eanie. 
they  found  the  allied  trilx^s  with  a  government  of  considerable  merit  and 
power. 

1G7;].  No  doubt  but  stragling  tribes  or  bands  of  Wyandots  had  ixouc 
even  much  furtlier  west  than  our  county  belore  17uO  for  the  Miamis  on 
Lake  Michi;::an  feared  an  invasion  from  the  Wyandots  in  it*)7.j. 

1(58-1.  LaSali.f.  found  Wyandots  on  the  Illinois.  Some  writers  l>e- 
lieve  tliey  liad  conquered  all  the  tribes  west  to  the  Mississippi  but  that 
they  weio  unable  to  niaintain  their  authority  over  so  liroud  an  aron. 
This  trihe  claimed  they  had  conquered  tlie  country  west  to  the  Mississi]^])i 
before  1700. 

It)^;!.  TUKATV  OP  ALBANY.  In  this  treaty  the  Five  Nations  sold  all 
tlieir  claims  to  their  western  lands,  in  Illinois,  etc.,  hence  tlie  foundation 
for  Er.gland's  claims  atrainst  the  French  for  the  western  territory.  There 
•s'^ems  to  be  some  ju.-^iee  in  this  chiim,  iirovided  the  Wyandots  had  con- 
quered the  wesrern  tribes  at  this  date.  Tlie  Wyandots  being  a  nK^mber 
of  the  same  family  as  the  Iroquois  or  Five  Nations  would  be  bound  by 
this  treaty  but  they  did  not  think  so.  Our  county  may  have  been  in- 
volved in  the  territory  under  question. 

17U0.  I'HE  WYANDOTS.  it  is  ccrtum,  occu])ied  spots  in  a  very  wide  ter- 
ritory, and  that  one  of  their  chief  homes  was  in  the  valley  of  the  i^andns- 
ky  river  northeast  of  our  county. 

The  best  authority  indicates  that  the  Wyandots  reached  our  county 
at  least  as  early  as  ITOOand  found  the  Miamis  in  possession.  While  the 
}kliamis  continued  to  claim  our  county,  it  is  thought  that  thev  suffered 
the  Wyandots  to  occupy  it  as  tenants  at  will.  We  may  think  of  the 
Miamis  as  the  chief  occupants  of  our  county  previous  to  1700  and  of  the 
Wyandots  as  the  princi])al  ones  for  ei<jrhty-two  years  after  that  date  ;  but 
wt!  must  remember  that  the  Miamis  claimed  to  have  the  best  title  to  it 
during  all  this  time  and  that  they,  with  man.y  otlier  tribes,  u.sed  it  as  a 
hunting  ground.  If  the  Wyandots  did  not  live  here,  thev  probably  used 
it  more  extensively  than  any  other  tribe  as  a  hunting  ground.  It  is  cer- 
tain that,  a  few  years  later.  th(\v  claimed  all  our  county  east  of  the  St.  Miirys 
and  north  of  Loriimie.  near  tltesoutbermost  ])oundary  of  our  county.  I..ittle 
Turtle,  tlie  Miami  chief,  at  the  treaty  of  (Jreenvillo  in  1795,  said  the  east- 
ern b<.)undary  line  of  the  Miamis  extended  from  Detroit  to  the  head  wat<>rs 
of  the  Scioto  (in  eastern  Auglai/e),  and  thence  down  that  river.  How- 
ever, th(;  Indians  themselves  did  not  often  know  the  exact  houmlary  t'lat 
separated  the  territories  of  the  several  tribes  and  generally  iiscd  tine 
boundaries  as  common  huntiinr  ground. 

172(3.  TTTK  FIVF.  NATIONS  granted  all  their  lands  in  trust  to  the  English. 
As  stated  before  they  hated  the  French.  They  often  s<>nt  delei:-ates  to 
our  section  to  plead  with  our  Indians  to  favor  the  English  but  generally 
without  avail. 

1711.  THE  fivf:  nations  or  Iroquois,  renewed  former  treaties  and  thus 
strengtbeued  the  English  claims  against  the  French,  at  Dw  treaty  of 
Umcaster. 

1752.  AT  TUF  TRFATY  OF  T.oosTOWN,  tho  Six  Natioiis  op^wscd  but 
linally  approved  the  treaty  of  Lancaster. 

So.  long  before  the  French  and  English  trader  came  to  our  county, 


34     ■  THE    BKAWNKEd. 

the  Wyandots  were  here.  Thoui^'h  once  a  powerful  nation,  they  had 
dwintllod  to  800  souls  in  1812,  when  tliey  were  sent  to  Indian  Territory, 
and  to  GSiJ  souls  in  1^U0. 

1704.     AT  THE  TREATY  OF  DHTRoiT— the  Wyaudots,  Miuniis,  Ottawiis, 
and  other  tril>es  made  an  agreement  which  they  afterwards  disre^urdcd'. 


THE  SHAWNEES. 


TnE  Great  Algonkin  Family,  as  stated  before,  was  comiwsod  of  the 
Shawnecs,  Miamis,  Ottawus,  Dela wares,  ISac-  and  Foxes,  and  other  tribes. 

The  iSnAWNKKs  furnish  the  princi])al  Indian  history  of  Aui^laize  coun- 
ty. Their  orig-mal  homo,  altliou-li  wrapped  in  obscurity,  was  probably 
in  the  valley  of  the  Cumberland  river.  From  there  they  nu;.,'rated  in  dif- 
ferent directions.  Some  miTSt  )mve  moved  to  Florida' for  it  is  siiid  that 
Blackhoof,  our  famous  Shawnee  chief,  hrou!:^ht  his  tribe  from  Florida, 
through  Kentucky  to  the  Mad  river,  later  to  i'i(]ua,  and  finally  to  AugUti/e 
county. 

1(382.  Pexn's  Treaty  made  in  Pennsylvania,  had  Shawnee  represent- 
atives present  ;  they  were  also  present  at  Ins  treaty  council  in  17U1. 

1G84.  The  Soawnee-s  were  in  the  west  on  this  date  iiixd  were  allied 
with  the  Miumir;.  From  the  above  slatPniersTs.  wo  arc  luil  to  believe  That 
the  Shawnees  lived  in  the  valley  of  the  Cumberland  long  before  1700. 

1721.  The  Valley  of  the  Cumbeuland  ceased  to  be  the  home  of  the 
Shawnees.  Tliey  were  driven  away  by  the  Cherokees.  Bein;^  of  a  rest- 
less and  roaming  disposition,  they  traveled  in  dilferont  directions  and 
settled  in  many  places.  At  one  time,  there  were  twelve  dillerent  tribes, 
hut  in  later  years  they  finally  dwindled  to  four.  Although  the  most 
dreaded,  violent,  and  warlike  of  all  western  tribes,  they  were  often  drivt-n 
from  one  place  to  another  by  stronger  ones.  They  thought  they  were 
the  original  Indian  people,  that  all  others  sprang  from  thcnn,  that  they 
were  wi.ser  than  any  other  tribe,  and  were  thoi-oughly  egotistic.  This 
disposition  caused  other  tribes  to  dislike  tliem.  Their  ireriut'nt  conflicts 
with  other  tribes  had  much  to  do  in  causing  the  disj)osition  mentioned 
above.  In  many  resi)ects,  they  were  like  the  dreaded  S;ics  and  Foxes  of 
later  years.  The  more  suifering  and  dt^atli  they  could  cause  the  better 
they  were  pleased.  One  warrior  boasted  that  he  c^me  home  with  forty 
scali)s  at  one  time. 

1728.  The  Head  Waters  of  the  branches  of  the  Ohio  became  the 
home  of  a  tribe  of  the  Shawnees.  (The  writer  Wi)uld  like  to  know  what 
branches.) 

17;jO.  TnE  Fren-cii  Traders  met  the  hand  just  mentioned  and  induced 
their  leader  to  visit  Montreal.  Through  this  chief,  tht>y  placc'd  them- 
selves under  the  jirotection  of  the  French  in  Canacht.  For  manj'  years 
the  French  continui  d  to  send  them  ])resents  and  fricndl3'  letters.  Notice 
that  this  \vas  two  years  before  WasliinLrton  was  bvorn. 

1750.  On  the  Scioto  and  Mad  Kivkrs,  the  Shawnees  settled  under  the 
leadership  of  Blackhoof  the  Shawnee  chief.  It  is  s*iid  that  tliis  marked 
their  advent  into  Oliio.  If  this  be  true,  tlie  "head  waters"  mt'iitioned  in 
1728  must  have  been  in  Kentucky.  The  Shawnees  were  the  last  Indians 
to  enter  Ohio.  If  this  ha  true,  the  Miamis  Wyandots,  Erics,  Ottawas, 
Senecas.  IX^lawares,  and  others  were  here  before  1750. 


ix 


THE   SnAWNEES. 


The  Sliuwnees  that  came  to  Ohio  in  17r)0  and  later  to  An,s;lai7.o  county, 
were  a  hist  remnant  of  a  once  i^reat  trilK\  As  stated  het'ore  th(>  Islianiis 
were  the  lirst  occuinmts  of  this  county  and  a  hiri^o  ^vn'tion,  if  not  ail,  of 
Ohio;  then  followed  the  AVyandots  as  tenants  at  will  under  the  Mianiis 
and  finally  claiminir  this  and  other  wide  territories  as  tlieirs  of  rij^-ht ;  and 
lastly  came  the  Sliawnees  as  tenants  ut  will  under  the  Wyandots.  A 
tenant  at  will  may  he  forced  awi'.y  whenever  the  owntM-  so  desires,  hut  in 
practice  with  the  Indians  this  riirht  could  only  he  (^lifW'C^t-O'yU'U^  the  real 
original  owners  had  jxiwer  enough  so  to  do.  JLOOjLOoO 

17*^?.  Battle  ok  Piqua.  As  st.ated  hefore  iinder  '^Iiamis",  the 
iShawnecs  from  the  Mad  river,  some  otlu>r  trihes  and  a  few  French  at- 
tacked and  destroyed  the  Miami  town  at  l'i(iua,  killed  and  at(!()ldBi-itain 
the  Miami  chief.  At  this  time  the  iSliawnees  favored  the  French  and  the 
Miamis  tlie  Enulish.  This  was  one  of  tln^  last  l)attles  of  the  Frencli  ami 
Indian  War  which  terminated  in  17t>3.  Smie  authors  state  that  the  hattlo 
of  Piqua  occurred  in  17'"o. 

The  Miamis  left  Piip-ia  and  the  Shawnees  settled  there.  The  Piqua 
Indians  had  the  following  tradition  of  the  origin  of  their  })articular 
hand.  After  a  wonderfixl  feast,  the  great  Shawnee  chiefs  sat  around  the 
concil  fire.  Evening  deepened  into  ni'-rht  and  the  lire  hurned  lo^v.  Then 
a  ]iutfini?  noise  came  froin  the  emhers.  the  coals  trlowed  afresh,  the  cin- 
ders llickered,  a  cloud  oi  dust  roiled  up,  and  fortii  came  tiie  hrsr  Pi(iuu 
tShawnee — a  beautiful  being,  noble  and  fuilgrown.  The  Piqua  Indians 
came  to  Auglaize  some  years  later. 

The  Shawnees  and  Delawares  were  the  ]n-inci])al  barrier  against  set- 
tlement in  Kentucky  for  twenty  years.  They  often  went  from  Ohio  to 
make  raids  in  Kentucky. 

1703.  The  FKEXcn  and  Ixdtan  War  closed  and  the  French  ceded  our 
county  to  the  En2;hsh  who  held  it  until  17s3  when  England  ceded  it  To  the 
United  States.  The  French  had  settled  along  the  Auglaize  and  St.  Marys 
rivers  as  early  as  174s,  for  they  built  Ft.  Auglaize  on  tliat  date.  Tliey 
left  our  county  in  1703  as  a  result  of  the  war.  For  many  years  aftei"  their 
cellars  were  seen  along  the  high  hanks  of  the  St.  Marys  river. 

The  French  in  our  v»'est  made  710  large  purchases  of  tlie  Indians — onlv 
small  tracts  for  forts.  So  at  close  of  the  war  in  1703,  the  French  could 
only  convoy  to  the  English  such  title  as  they  had  ;  i.  o.,  these  small  tracts. 
However,  the  ('ongress  did  not  look  at  the  matter  in  this  way  and  claimed 
that  the  Indian  lands  were  also  conveyed.  What  do  you  think  al)out  it? 
The  Indians  did  not  know  much  about  what  had  been  done.  They  knew 
only  that  they  had  been  lianded  over  from  the  Fr(>nch,  tlu'ir  friends,  to 
the  English,  their  enemies,  and  so  continued  to  wage  war  upon  us  for 
titty  Tears  more  with  some  intervals  of  i)eaee  and  a  few  tribal  exceptions. 

1701.  PaisoxKiw  SrnnENiJEUKD.  At  the  Treaty  of  Muskingum,  just 
after  the  French  and  Indian  War,  tlie  Shawnees,  l)(;lavv-ares,  and  Senecas 
made  a  treaty  surrendering  all  ijri.soners  to  the  Phiglish.  Jhmy  of  tht'^n 
prisoners  had  learned  to  lik(;  Indian  life.  It  takes  centuries  to  civilize  a 
savage  ix'Ople,  hut  a  civilized  person  may  drop  back  into  barbarism  in  * 
few  years.  Look  upon  the  scene  that  surrended  these  i)risoners  :  li.'d 
Men'hiding  their  faces  and  crying  in  grief ;  children  .screaming  and  cling- 
ing to  their  wild  ca])tives ;  lovers  weeinng  at  the  last  iMirtiug.  Three 
hundred  and  sixty  prisoners  wore  recovered  from  the  Indians. 


30  THK   HiiAWNEES.  | 

Later,  many  men  of  those  tribes,  as  well  as  others,  rofiised  to  be  bound  t 
by  the  treaty  of  MuskinLTum.     The  Indians  promised  loyalty  to  tlie  Eng- 
lish in  this  treaty. 

1705.  ViK<iiNiA  claimed  Auglaize  cotmty  at  this  date.  (George  III.  ; 
ordered  that  colony  to  make  no  attempt  at  settlement.  IShe  refused  to  'f 
comply  ;  so  Parliament  annexed  tlie  (jtninty  to  «.thie])ec  in  an  elfort  to  anniil 
tlie  claims  of  Virginia.  That  colony,  ln->\vcver,  ]>aid  no  attention  to  Par- 
liament and  confirmed  to  claim  authority  ovt'r  this  section.  You  will  i 
notice  that,  strictly  speaking,  our  county  was  onco  a  part  of  the  province  i 
of  Quebec,  Canada.  | 

1709.     B(>UTET<:>rsT  County  was  formed  by  ^'irginia  and  our  county  • 

placed  within  its  boundaries.  I 

1770.  Washington  floated  down  the  Ohio  to  the  mouth  of  tlie  (-Jreat  '> 
Kanawha  to  select  ^OU.UUO  ueres  of  l^nid  tor  Ixis  soldiers,  or  tlioir  widows,  ; 
that  had  served  with  him  in  the  French  and  Indian  War.  T)jis  was  as  ; 
near  as  ho  ever  came  to  our  county.  j 

177ii.     By  this  date  the  tShawnees  had  settled  at  Piqua  in  great  num-  ; 

bers,  i 

1771.  In  One  of  the   Bloodiest   Indian   Battles  ever   fouirht.    the 
Shawnees  with  some  of  the  Wyandots  and  Delavrarea  were  defriitcd  aind  ; 
agreed  to  hunt  no  more  south  of  tlie  Ohio.  ' 

Cornstalk,  a  ►Snawnee  cniei,  \\as  in  command  ox  ail  the  tribes  at  tlii^- 
])attle.     He  struck  his  own  men  dead  that  wavered,  and  encouraged  those 
tliat  wore  brave.     He  was  probably  the  father  of  Cornstalk  of  Auglaize         ; 
county.  t 

THE  SHAWNEES.  ^  \ 

1771.     Treaty  of  Camp  Charlotte,    near   Cireleville,    followed    tbe         > 
bloody  v,ar  just  mentioned.     Logan,  the  famous  cliicf  of  t\w  Mingos  was         j 
in  the  battle,  but  lie  refused  to  attend  the  treaty  council.     He  :-at  sullen         •' 
under  the  mammoth  Loiran  Elm  some  miles  south  of  Cireleville.     A  whitt^ 
man  went  to  see  him  and  try  to  induce  him  to  siirn  tlie  treaty.  I 

1771.     Lo<iAN"s  Sdekcii.     For  many  years  Logan  had  becm  a  friend  of  I 

the  white  man  and  desired  to  remain  so.     But  after  the  whites  murdered  | 

^j,     v-'T^- •,  V    -""'.j^       all  his  relativ'cs,  he  declared   vimgenee.  \ 

^i^'' :^y^^-^y^'  li.;!r'i^''f'  -■.''''''^''<  ^-^^  came  in  with  thirty  white  scalps 
y^':  ^:i'<^f^r-y't  iV,  iVv    •7/iuf^'vy''    after  one  summer's  ex]M'difion.  : 

'[<-K\^^'%^:^^^yl .i'  'I'l^t^-^^^P—^'-  ■       IJ'^  '^''-^  visited  by  Col.  (-riij^on  in  or-  i 

^-S,:'.  fv'^'-V'  e  ■'>^'^^'^'^>\;?'- ■'•  *^^'^  ^^  induce  him  to  (Consent  to  the 
'^■-  MiUJ^'-""^'^'^  '^''  '^^''■^-v  treaty  of  Camp  Charl»)tte.  It  was 
•^:pr>l''"^^^l'i'^'  '•';^^v  then  that  Logan,  Chief  of  the  Min- 
'V  y^''-'-^  ^ '■'/^-■^  -/■*'  .■^■S-^^'^  goes  dtdivered  this  famous  speech: — 
^fy-^  j!_/^^^  .!,- ";  ,  •ri'.^/-'''  ,;,;',  "1  appeal  to  any  whitt;  man  to  say  if 
^^  '^''^^^{^i>'\p  i"^^'  ^••^-  '^'-'ii''  he  ever  entered  Logan's  cabin  liungry 
.^^.^'■'''■'^'^^^^J^^y\^'C^^^^^^^  and  I  gave  him  not  meat;  if   ever   he 

*^''^''  "'^  '  came  cold  or   naked   and   I    gave   him 

i.<KJAN-i.i;Lrvr.uiNf;inssj'Kr:cii.    ^^^    clothing.      During    the   last  long 

and  blofxly  war,  Loi-an  remained  in  his  tent,  an  advocate  of  peace.  Nay, 
such  was  my  love  for  tlie  V'.hite.-,  tliat  those  of  my  own  counrrv  i>ointed 
ut  me  as  tliey  passed  by  and  said  :  ']-.ogan  is  the  friend  of  the  white  man'. 
1  had  over  thought   to  liv»;  with  you  but  for    tiio   injuries   of   one  man. 


THt'    t-HAWNKEiii.  37 

Col.  Cressup,  the  last  spring  in  cold  blood  and  unprovoked,  cnt  ofY  all 
the  rclatifms  of  Lo^an,  not  spunni?  even  my  women  and  children. 
There  runs  not  a  drop  of  my  blood  in  the  veins  of  any  human  crou- 
tui-e.  This  called  on  rae  for  rovet^t;.  I  have  .sought  it ;  I  have  killed 
many  ;  I  have  fully  glutted  my  vengence.  For  my  oountrj',  I  rejoice  at 
the  beams  of  iwr'ace.  Yet.  do  not  harbor  the  thought  that  mine  i.^^  the  joy 
of  fciir.  Logan  will  not  turn  on  his  heel  to  siive  his  life.  Who  is  there  to 
juourn  for  Log-.m?  Xotone."  [(Jol.  Cressep  was  not  so  much  to  blame 
as  LogaTi  thought.] 

Brown  k^jts  :  "Logan  was  the  lx>st  sixKJimen  of  humanity  I  ever  met, 
white  or  red." 

The  following  was  found  fastened  t-o  a  bloody  war  club  in  the  home, 
amon;;  the  mangled  and  Ijioudy  cori).-<'S.  or  a  Virginia  lamilv  :  "Why  did 
you  kill  my  people 'r  J  too  must  kiU.  i  have  lareiy  ix;en  three  times  at 
war,  but  the  Indians  are  not  mad — only  myself.  I  am  now  ."satisfied  for 
the  loss  of  my  jK-oijle  and  will  \yj  still.     Locjax." 

irrO-lTSij.  Our  KKVoLUTioN'AiiV  War.  At  one  time  in  the  v/ar, 
Washingt^m  was  the  main  hope  of  the  United  iStates.  Some  of  the  soldiers 
of  that  war  were  buried  in  cmr  county. 

1777.  CoHN.sTALK,  the  Shawnee  chief,  went  on  a  friendly  visit  t^)  the 
whites  at  Point  Pleasant.  A  wiiite  man  had  been  killeil  in  the  nei'j:hbor- 
hood  u  few  days  oeion;.  L'orn^•tuiiw  soun  leii  niuxucreu,  pierctd  oy  »:\vn 
bullets.  He  was  noted  for  his  ehxiuence,  energy,  courage,  generalship, 
and  good  judgment. 

Our  Peter  Cornstalk,  a  Shawnee  chief,  is  believed  to  have  IxK^n  a  son 
of  the  Indian  just  mentioned.  He  lived  at  Wa];akoneta  and  vras  buried 
on  the  Auglaize  two  miles  l)elow  Wapakoneta.  He  was  large,  fine  Uxik- 
ing,  a  liian  of  honor,  and  a  true  trit'ud  of  the  whites.  He  often  visit-cd 
the  trading  posts  and  was  known  to  a  good  many  pionejrs.  The  writer 
does  not  know  the  date  of  his  death  but  it  was  probably  after  ISOO. 

1778.  The  County  of  Illinois  was  fi:;rmed  by  Virginia,  and  our  coun- 
ty wus  included  in  the  .«ame.  So  Auglaize  was  once  a  jmrt  of  Illinois. 
Virginia  provided  a  'government  for  the  county. 

Daniel  B'^x>nk  fiL'ured  in  history  about  thi.i  time.  On  this  date  he 
was  brought  up  the  Miami  valley,  as  a  prisoner,  on  the  way  to  Detroit. 
It  is  altogether  probable  that  he  was  taken  through  our  county.  When 
his  ca])tors,  the  Shawnees.  reached  Detroit  with  Boone,  they  n^fused  a 
hundred  pounds  ran.som  for  him.  They  brought  him  back,  probably 
through  our  county,  t-o  Old  Town  on  the  Miami.  Thtjre  they  shaved  oif 
nearly  all  his  hair,  tied  up  the  seal])-lock  that  was  left  v/ith  wooden 
skewers,  smeared  his  face  with  vermilion,  and  held  a  })owwow  to  deter- 
mine whether  he  should  be  tomahawked,  scalix^d  or  adopted.  A  scjuaw 
))lfad  his  case  and  won  it.  The  hanflsome  hunter  remained  a  captive  for 
two  months.  Then  the  Indians  started  to  destroy  Boone's  settlement  in 
Kentucky  and  tool:  him  along.  (Jne  evening  a  deer  came  near  and  Boone 
asked  if  "he  should  follow  it^  and  kill  it  for  fo^xl.  They  told  him  "yex". 
He  eseai)ed,  traveled  two  hundred  miles  tiirough  the  wilderness  imrsued 
by  the  savages,  and  reached  home  in  four  days  to  warn  the  settlement 
that  tiic  Shav.-nees  were  coming. 

B.jwne  stiinds  for  the  rei^resentative  Path-linder.  deerslayer,  Indian 
tighter,  and  cabin  builder  of  the  forest  wildi.Tness.  Col.  Boone  and  Ct-n. 
Simon  Kenton  were  in  Benjamin  Logan's  exi^-dition  against  the  Indians 


s^ 


Tllh:    (rHAWNELS. 


on  Mad  river  in  17S6.  He  was  also  with  Clark  whon  Loraniic's  sfoiv  was 
destroyed  in  17'S"J.  Ho  Daniel  Boone  has  heen  in  our  county,  prohahly,  and 
has  been  on  several  cxp'T'dilious  that  reached  near  it. 


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TAKfXG  I>ANIP:L  UOC^NK  a  OAI'TlVi:  TniJOrilH  AUiiLAIZK  cou>-TV. 

17.^0  Thf  SnwvNKF.s.  Wvi.ndots,  Miamis,  Ottawns,  and  8oner^a=- 
wore  almost  continual! v  at,  war  with  the  United  ir^tates  from  ITsO  until 
179-1  These  trihes  either  lived  here  or  near  here,  and  our  county  must 
have  been  the  scene  of  very  active  openitions  dnrin<i  this  period.  \\  hile 
the  Revolutionarv  war  had  dosed.  EuLdiind  continued  to  incite  the  Indians 
to  attacdc  the  settlements  of  the  United  States.  Fr.^.m  what  todows  it 
will  appear  that  our  government  was  compelled  to  take  some  more  t.)r- 
midable  action  a-.rainst  the  Indi-ins. 

1780  Six  llrN-T><M-:i)  Cvxm.iaxs.  many  Tndinns,  and  the  rone?:. do 
Finlon  (lirtv  invaded  Kentuck>  .  It  is  iiuito  li]:ely  tliat  tins  army  went 
throu-h  our  county  on  the  way  south.  There  is  very  stronj^  evid. nice 
that  thev  returned  throu-h  Anirhnze  county  also.  lh.\y  hid  then  six 
cannon  at  the  head  of  the  Miami  probably  beeause  they  had  no  -o.,d  wav 
of  brin-in-Th.-m  across  the  i.orta-e,  tw.^lvc  miles,  from  Uoramie  to  St. 


THE  HHAWNKios.  :i\> 

jNIarys.  Of  course  some  of  the  Indians  )ni<a;1it  have  joined  tlioni  south  of 
our  county  ou  the  ^Vlly  to  Keninclcy. 

1780.  Gex.  CtKokok  R.  (-'lakk,  witli  a  thousand  uion,  ^vas  sent  by 
Kentucky  on  his  first  expedition  ai^amsr,  the  yhawnees  on  2ilad  river.  Uu 
drove  them  away  after  a  de.s])erat.e  huttle  and  they  went  over  and  joined 
the  kShawnees  at  Pi(iua.  He  de^troyiNl.  all  the  eoru  around  the  liead  waters 
of  the  Miami  and  n  ay  liave  reaehed  our  county,  (hie  would  think  tliat 
this  would  stop  the  exijeditions  auainst  tlie  Kentucky  settlors,  but  notice. 

1782.  The  Enulish  were  inciting  the  Indians  a^rainst  our  settlers  at 
this  date — es]xx'ially  in  Kentucky.     No  white  man  was  safe  there. 

The  British  ordered  Major  ( 'aldwtill  to  '.io  from  Detroit  ro  Kentucky, 
attack  the  setrlements  and  l)reak  thein  up.  Caldwell  collect'Cd  his  men, 
addcnl  a  party  of  Indians  at  ])etroit.  also  a  number  from  the  ^hiumee  and 
Miami  and  other  points  on  the  way,  and  arrived  in  Kentucky  with  about 
foil]-  hundred  men.  At  the  battle  of  Blue  Licks  he  defeated  the  Ken- 
tucldans  in  the  sorest  calamity  that,  liud  liefallen  that  state.  The  settlers 
were  led  by  such  mt- n  as  Bovine  ;  Caldwell  ^^'as  aided  by  sitch  characters  as 
Simon  Girty.  From  the  above  statements  you  will  see  that  it  is  qiiite; 
I)robable  that  Caldwell  passed  throui^'h  our  cotinty  on  his  way  soitth.  It 
IS  also  possible  that  he  returned  through  AuL.'laize.  Do  you  tJiink  this 
should  qtti'^t  and  break  the  s])irit  of  the  Kentuckiansr     Xotiee. 

irs^.  Gf.n.  Cl.AtiK  was  sent  on  a  second  exjiecuuun  a^ai!i.>i.  the  .Sliaw- 
nees.  The  defeat  at  Blue  Licks  had  aroused  the  ])eo])le  of  Kentucky,  so 
they  sent  Col.  Clark  with  1050  moitnted  men  to  inlliot  venirence  ou  thci 
Indians  in  our  part  of  the  state,  especially  on  those  that  assisted  Caldwell. 

Clark  came  rapully  up  the  ^hiumee,  oiie  hundred  aiul  thirty  miles, 
before  the  Indians  discovered  his  approach.  In  a  few  hours  the  ]n-ineip;il 
town  of  the  Shawnees  at  Piqua,  was  laid  in  ashes.  The  Indians  had  no 
time  to  secrete  any  property  btit  most  of  them  manasi:ed  to  esciipe  with 
their  lives  to  the  woods.  Gen.  Clark  was  siu-prised  to  lind  suoh  a  laru'o 
.sui)ply  of  Iiulian  stores.  The  Indians  lost  ten  scaljjs  and  seven  i)ri.soners  ; 
Clark,  one  killod  and  one  wounded. 

17S2.  Loramik"s  SroiiK,  just  over  our  soutliern  lioundary,  was  at- 
tacked and  destroyed  by  a  detachment  of  one  hundred  and  lifty  of  Clark's 
mounted  men. 

At  last  this  exjjodition  practically  clo.sed  the  Indian  wars  in  Kentucky 
an<l  no  formidable  invasion  of  that  state  was  airain  made.  Do  not  fori^'ot 
that  the  Cannadian  aiid  Italian  armies,  in  making  these  expendifions, 
fianv  up  the  Maumr'f  to  .^t.  Marys  })as.-e'l  on  throitirlt  our  county  to 
Loraniie,  and  lloated  down  the  Mianti  to  Kentucky  ;  also  that  they  rv;turn- 
I'd  by  the  same  route.     xVs  stated  before,  Daniel  Boone  was  with  Clark. 

Some  French  traders  had  settled  at  Loramie  after  the  Enj_dis}i  s(ittle- 
mont  had  lu'en  destroyed  ])y  the  French  thirty  years  ])efore,  in  I7i)2,  as 
described  under  "Miamis'". 

17S2.  The  Sh.vwnkf.s  Came  to  Auulai/j-:  County  because  they  liad 
been  driven  away  from  Piijua  by  Clark.  As  had  happened  witii  thfv»)i 
th.roui!:hout  their  wliole  history.  th(\v  sto])ped  at  the  most  desirable  jdaee 
until  they  were  driven  away.  They  had  no  title  to  or  claim  on  tiie  land 
in  Aui^laize.  The  W'yandots  seemed  to  have  the  best  claim  to  our  comity 
at  this  time  Jilthouuh  they  had  come  as  t^'uants  at  will  undi*r  the  Miamis 
]»ossi])ly  as  early  as  17uo.  So  the  Shawne(;s  remained  here  as  tenants  at 
will  under  the  \V'vaudots. 


40  THE   SHAWNEtsl. 

Most  of  tnem  settled  nt  Wapakonota  ;  some  ])robably  neur  the  Ottawa 
towns  at  Ft.  Amanda.  The  Towa  Shawnee.'^  lived  at  the  head  waters  of 
the  Auglaize.  At  one  time  there  was  a  small  J-iluiwnee  town  lu  Coshoclou 
county  and  a  settlement  on  the  Scioto  river. 

They  hunted  in  Aiiglaizc,  Van  Wert,  Allen,  Shelby,  and  Mercer  coun- 
ties. 

Tliose  that  had  ])artici]vited  in  the  Kentucky  wars  had  lived  on  the 
Mad  and  ]Miami  rivers.  They  were  driven  tr(.)m  both  places  Ijy  Clark  and 
settled  in  Aiiglaiiie  at  the  suiferance  of  the  Wyandots. 

1783.  Great  BraiAix  transferred  her  title  to  our  county  to  tho 
United  States  at  the  close  of  the  Revolutionary  vs^ar.  England  airraed  to 
give  up  all  her  forts  on  the  Great  Lakes.  The  Indians  favored  England 
because  they  thoutrht  we  wanted  their  lands  and  thej'  were  right,  it 
was  easy  for  England  to  iTieite  tiien\  utraiust  our  early  settlers. 

England  could  not  transfer  any  more  territory  than  she  had  which 
was  none  so  far  as  the  territory  occupied  by  the  Shawnees.  Miamis,  Wy- 
andots, and  Dalawares  were  concerned.  But  the  Congress  thought  the 
Indians  had  forfeit-ed  tlieir  titles  by  their  wars  aud  began  to  grant  the  In- 
dians peace.  In  referring  to  the  VVyandots,  it  is  not  meant  to  include  the 
Iroquois. 

England  did  not  give  up  her  forts  and  contintied  to  incite  the  Indians 
agaia^i  us,  so  tlier*^  is  more  trout^ie  aheau. 

17S4.  Virginia  claimed  our  eounly  at  this  time  but  ceded  it  to  the 
United  States  except  the  south-east  corner  which  slie  reserved  as  a  part  of 
the  Virginia  Military  District.  After  this  date  our  land  could  be  entered 
under  the  general  government.  [See  map  of  Auglaize  County,  S.  E. 
corner.] 

1781.  The  United  States  being  now  free  from  England  ctin  make 
her  own  treaties  witli  the  Indians. 

The  Second  Treaty  of  Ft.  Stanwix,  but  tho  first  with  the  United 
States,  transferred  all  tho  possessions  of  the  Iroquois  in  Ohio  to  the 
United  States.  The  Iroquis  claimed  to  have  won  this  western  land  by 
concjue.st  a  hundred  years  before.  Afterwards,  many  of  the  Iroquis  dis- 
puted the  validity  of  this  treaty. 

LaFayette  was  present  when  this  treaty  was  made,  and  said  that  Blue 
Jacket,  our  Shawnee  chief,  was  o])posod  to  the  treaty  and  wa.s  for  war  ;  and 
that  every  warrior  that  heard  him  was   carried   away   by   his  eloquence. 

Cornplanter,  the  Shawnee  chief  from  Auglai/e,  was  present  aud  was 
for  peace. 

Ft.  Stanwix  was  in  ^ew  York. 

1785.  In  the  Treaty  op  Ft.  MoIntosh,  the  SKC<')Nn  ever  made  by  our 
government,  the  Wyandots,  Ottawas,  Dela wares,  and  Chipixjwas  gave  up 
all  lands  west  of  the  Maumeo  and  St.  Marys  rivers  aud  south  of  a  lino 
drav.ii  from  Loramie  north  of  east  aoro.-s  the  state.  Tliis  line  from  Lora- 
mie  l)ecame  the  (-ireenville  Treaty  Line  in  179.").  It  is  shown  on  all  maps 
of  Ohio  and  will  Ix?  referred  to  hereafter  as  the  (ireenville  Treaty  Line. 
It  is  very  importiint.  The  Inditms  rcserv?d  a  small  tract  in  the  noi  th- 
■western'part  ot  tho  state  as  a  homo  and  hunting  grcmnd. 

This  was  the  hist  treuty-nno  in  ( )luo  establishing  a  Ixoundary  between 
the  Indiaivs  and  our  government.  This  left  nearly  all  our  county  in  In- 
dian territory — possibly  all  of  it. 

17>;o.  At  Ft.  Finn'ey,  on  the  Miami,  the  third  treaty  b-etween  the 
United  States  aud  Indians  relative  to  Ohio,  many  tribes  were  represented. 


TRF.   f^nAWNKKS.  41 

Throo  huTiflrcd  mad  Shawnoo  warriors — sot,  olT  in  paint  and  feathers  and 
tho  ino.-;t  conf'('it<>(l  und  warlike  of  all  aboriiriues — wore  |»resent.  Thc^y 
met  Gen.  (J(H-)ri;e  R.  Clark  and  his  seventy  men.  A  tall,  villainous,  raw- 
honed  chief  mnde  a  threatening  s])eech  and  threvr  a  hlaek  and  white  wam- 
pnm  on  the  tahle.  This  meant  either  pouco  or  war.  Clark  tossed  it  olV 
the  table.  Every  savaue  spi-ant^  to  liis  feet  with  an  "uirl\".  Clark  said  : 
"Doijs,  heiTone."  The  n'^-xt  mcn-niiiir  the  Shawnees  returned,  sihhI  for 
peace  and  signed  the  treaty.  The  Wabash  tribes  refused  to  attend  this 
council. 

By  this  treaty,  the  Bhawnees  surrendered  all  lands  east  of  the  Miami 
but  afterwards  refused  to  abitle  by  the  agroemeiit. 

17st).  Wasitin(4TOX  C»»un'TV,  tlie  first  ever  formed  out  of  the  north- 
west territory,  was  made.  Its  northern  boundarj'  was  somewhere  nt^ar 
our  southern  county  line. 

17'»t5.  Ct)i,ONKL  LofiAN  with  four  or  live  hundred  rifl'^men  led  an  ex- 
pedition against  the  iShawnees  on  Mad  River,  Durned  eight  towns,  de- 
stroyed many  tit^lds  of  corn,  took  seventy-live  prisoners,  killed  twenty 
warriors,  and  ])Ut  to  death  tho  head  chief  of  tlie  nation.  So  it  seems  tliat 
so7ne  of  tlie  Shawnees  had  either  g(me  l)aek  there  to  live  or  else  tliey  did 
not  all  leave  when  raided  before. 

IT^T'.  I'liiWAit^s  lerl  an  ex]"iO(l'.tion  from  Kentneky  to  th.e  head  wit:^rs 
of  the  Miaini  aiiiiinst  the  Indians.     He  may  havi?  readied  our  county. 

1787.  TiiK  OuDiNANOE  OF  l7.s7  was  passed  by  (Jongress  and  gave  a 
scheme  of  government  for  the  North-west  Territory  im^luding  our  coun- 
ty. Tills  Ordinance  forever  for])i  I  the  introduction  of  slavery  in  the  ter- 
ritory and  encouraged  the  means  of  education. 

i7!s7.  TiiK  NouTii-wKsT  Ti:iMaT»')i;v,  including  our  county,  was  given 
its  first  organized  government.  St.  Clair  was  the  first  Governor  and 
Commander-in-(  ;hief .  We  were  fortunat:^  in  starting  on  our  career  as  part 
of  a  territory  that  had  one  of  the  most  libi-rai,  profound,  far-reaciiiiur, 
and  popular  governments  ever  conceived  by  man — Tlie  Ordinance  of  17>r. 

1787.  WAsm.N'dToN  jiraised  the  English  colony  on  the  Muskingum  m 
Ohio.     There  was  no  coloiiv  here  jis  yet. 

1789.  Washingtox  was  president  from  1789  to  1797.  The  Indians  of 
our  section  gave  him  much  trouble  during'his  udmiuistration,  as  we  shall 
iearu . 

1789.  Two  MoRf:  Tre.vtiks  were  made  between  the  Indians  and  the 
United  States.  These  merely  contirmed  the  tretities  of  17M  and  17>^") 
mentioned  before.  So  far.  oiir  Indians  liave  made  four  treatic's  with  th>> 
LToverriment,  but  our  county  is  still  in  Indian  territory  and  occujned  by 
the  Shawnees. 

1789.  Simon  {Tiinv,  the  notoriotts  white  man  that  sjK^nt  his  life  aid- 
ing the  Indians  against  the  early  settlers,  lived  at  St.  Marys,  according  to 
some  authors.  The  writer  Ix'lieves  it  was  his  brother  .lames,  a  much 
Worse  charact<^r.     It  is  certain  that  James  lived  here  lat-cu". 

1 790.  TuF.  Indians  saw  the  Emrlish  settleuKnits  and  pioneers  workiiicr 
tills  way  fi-om  the  east  and  continut^d  their  deiiredations.  It  liecame 
ntx*.essary  for  the  government  to  take  severe  action  against  them.  Notice 
what  folUnvs  : 

1790.  IIau^iar's  Dp:peat.  Remember  that  Washimrton  was  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States  jind  St.  Chiir  (loverncu' and  Commandev-in Chief 
of  our  territory.     General  liarinar  was  sent  to  destTOj^  the  Miami  towns 


4"i  THE    HUAWNKKH. 

on  the  Maumee  north  of  us.  lie,  with  his  1100  soldiers  came  from  Cin- 
cinnati up  the  IMiunii  tlirough  Auulai/e  county  and  weTit  on  toFt.  Wavne. 
Ho  had  a  poorly  equi])]»ed  army.  ►Some  of  hi.s  men  were  regular  soldier.-- 
und  some  were  raw  recruits. 

iSome  of  the  guns  had  no  locks,  others  no  stocks ;  some  of  his  soldiers 
were  inlirm  with  ai^-e,  others  were  nicre  boys  ;  some  were  so  awkward  ilwy 
could  nijt  take  their  gun-locks  off  to  oil  them,  while  others  could  not  jiut 
their  Hints  on  ;  the  regular  soldiers  were  angry  and  insubordinate  because 
compelled  to  march  with  such  raw  recruits, — recruits  so  "raw"  and  poor- 
ly equipped  that  they  were  of  little  strength  to  the  army.  Can  you  imag- 
ine this  anny  of  1-lUU  men  with  their  supply  trains,  feeling  their  way 
around  the  swam])s  and  througli  tlio  underbrusli  of  early  Auglai/e":'— see 
them  tryiu9r  to  march".' — now  pi  telling  their  tents,  if  they  had  any,  now 
tlriliing,'  and  again  moving  ony  We  should  ni)w  call  it  a  strange  lookiug 
army. 

When  Harmar  reached  the  Indian  towns  they  were  deserted.  He 
destroyed  the  chief  town,  tive  villages,  and  ~'U,uOO  bushels  of  corn  on  the 
stalk.  "^  The  Indians  stole  a  great  number  of  his  horses.  The  army  .'skir- 
mished around  for  awhile  and  started  back.  Tlie  troops  I'ehavcd  very 
badly  and  were  ambushed  on  tlie  way  home. 

hlue  J;i.cket.  our  la-eat  Sli;iwiu'e  chief,  seejns  to  have  had  command 
of  all  the  Indian  forces.  JLittie  Turtle,  the  Miami  chief,  comii\amLea  tne 
Miamis.     His  town  was  at  Ft.  Wayne  at  this  time. 

General  Harmar  called  his  exi)edition  a  .success,  but  it  has  coTue  do',\  n 
in  history  as  a  failure.  The  only  elYect  it  had  on  the  Indians  was  to  niiike 
them  bolder  than  ever.  iSo  you  must  expect  further  eiforts  on  the  part  of 
the  United  States. 

17itO.  Hamilton  County,  the  second  made  from  the  North-west  Ter- 
ritory, was  organized,  and  extended  north  to  about  our  southern  county 
line. 

1790.  TF.euMSEn,  the  famous  Shawnee  chief,  came  back  to  Auglaize 
county  from  the  soutli  after  an  absence  of  three  years.  He  was  born  at 
Piqua',  probably  in  17G^.  His  mother  was  a  Shawnee.  He  was  young 
during  the  revolution,  177G-17t>3.  "Rocked  in  the  cradle  of  carnage  to 
the  lullaby  of  the  war-whoop,  he  became  the  most  famous  and  liercest  of 
Indians.''  He  was  in  everv  Indian  battle  up  to  17.s  L  This  Indian  Bona- 
parte was  killed  in  the  battle  of  the  Thames,  1813.  It  is  doubtful  if  tliero 
was  ever  a  greater  Indian  oriitor,  patriot,  and  statesman,  or  a  gn-ater 
Indian  savage.  He  v.-as  a  scout  durin'.i-  St.  Clair's  d.^feat  in  1791.  Wln'ii 
you  read  of  him  in  history,  remember  that  he.  has  been  inourcouniy 
many  a  time  even  if  lie  never  lived  here  long.  He  was  too  much  con- 
cerned with  the  ailairs  of  all  Indian  nations  to  hve  long  at  any  ouo  place". 

1791.  Si'OTTs  Expedition  followed  after  Harmar  "s  d<"feat.  He  came 
up  the  Wabash  west  of  us  with  his  800  men,  dfsiroyed  several  towns, 
took  fifty-two  prisoners,  killed  s(iveral,  and  destroyed  much  corn.  One 
of  the  towns  he  burned,  had  seventy  houses. 

17i*l.     Gknkual  Wh.kkxson's  K.m'KDITIon  was  then  sent  out  froin  Cin- 
cinnati to  Ft.  Wayne.     Tlie  mou  came  north  near  our  county  and  tli.  u 
turned  west  to  the  Wabash.     They    ntiver    reached    Ft.    Wayne   but    (i 
stroyed  several  vilhiues,  took  thirty-four  prisoners   at   one    place,    in-.v 
seven  squaws  and  children  atanotlier,  iind  destroyed  miuh  corn  and  ))ul.-.o. 
Thev  burnt  one  town  that  had  thirty  houses.     In  all,  thi^y  cut  down  about 


THE   WHAWNEKS.  4?> 

-150  acres  of  corn  in  the  milk.  At  one  pluco  they  found  the  Intlians  dip;- 
ging  a  root  tliey  used  instead  of  ]iot;ito(»s. 

Like  Hanner's,  neither  Scott's  or  Wilkinson's  ex])edition  made  a 
favorable  impression  on  the  United  States:  neither  did  either  quiet  tlie 
IndiaJis,  so  a  still  iri-oater  effort  was  made  as  you  will  observe.  Doubtless 
you  have  noticed  that  the  Indians  7nust  have  been  farmers  to  a  consider- 
able ext-ont ;  you  will  also  hnd  farther  evidence  of  this  fact. 

1791,  St.  Clair's  Defeat  took  place  the  next  year  after  Harmar's 
defeat.  Hard  luck  was  it  not':'  A  new  army  of  1400  men  was  organized 
and  St.  Clair  himself  eiven  the  command  and  cautioned  by  Washinj<ton 
to  look  out  for  a  surprise. 

Probably  al>out  three  hundred  of  our  savage  Shawnee  warriors,  four 
liundred  Deia wares,  one  hundred  and  fifty  \Yyandots,  some  Miamis,  Ot- 
tawas.  Chippewas.  and  Pottawattoniies — in  all  2.000  Indians — heard  of 
the  expedition  and  planned  a  sur])rise.  All  the  chiefs  but  one  advised 
against  the  attack  ;  that  one  was  a  gloomy  giant  with  silver  ornaments 
dangling  from  his  nose  and  ears.  His  judgment  ])revailed  and  he  was 
made  leader  for  the  attack.  This  was  Little  Turtle,  the  great  chief  of 
the  Miamis. 

St.  Clair  moved  his  army  north  and  stopped  for  the  night  at  vvhat  he 
thought  vras  tii:>  St.  }*I  irys  river  but  whicii  wa.s  tliv?  Wabu-;!-;  at  Ft.  iu-- 
eovery,  west  of  our  coimty .  Just  as  Washington  had  feared.  Little  Turtle 
with  ins  2,000  .savages  fell  upon  the  army  and  cut  it  to  pieces  in  the  great- 
est and  most  disastrous  defeat  of  Americans  by  Indians  in  western  histoi'y. 
It  was  a  terrible  .<^lauu'hter.  St.  Clair  lost  six  hundred  and  thirty  killi'd, 
besides  thirty-nine  ofticers.  Two  hundred  and  sixty  were  wounded.  Ih? 
had  four  horses  for  his, own  use  and  they  were  shot  in  succession. 

Although  .sick  at  this  time,  St.  Clair  was  a  irallant  olticer  and  be 
closed  the  defeat  with  nine  budet  holes  through  his  clothing.  His  failure 
spread  great  di.sm;iy  throughout  the  country.  When  Washington  heard 
about  it,  he  said  :  "O  God  !  O  {4od  !  He  is  worse  than  a  murderer  !"  Then 
pausing,  he  continued  gently  :  "St.  Clair  shall  have  justice." 

Sr.  Clair's  army,  it  is  said,  was  made  u])  out  of  the  refuse  of  the  east. 
The  soldiers  received  three  dollars  a  month.  I^ike  several  other  ex])edi- 
ti(ms,  St.  Clair's  had  started  out  to  destroy  the  Miamis  at  Fort  Wayne,  and 
like  them,   failed.      He  came  u])  to  I't.  Recovery  irozn  Cincinnati. 

Ijittle  Turtle,  who  had  ])lanned  this  sur])rise  and  led  the  Indians, 
showed  .groat  sroneralship  at  this  battle.  Tecumseh,  the  Shawnee  chi.>f 
was  ]n-esent.  Of  course,  this  deffat  of  the  American  army  made  tlic  In- 
dians bold(^r  than  ever  and  their  depredations  more  and  more  un])earable. 
While  we  de])lore  the  loss  of  so  many  lives  and  our  patriotism  applauds 
every  success*'ul  tnove  of  mighty  civilization,  yet  a  silent  sympathy  steals 
in  u]K)n  us  as  we  see  the  \\Ud  man  of  the  forest  facing  death  for  his  li'oer- 
ly  and  liis  home.  We  shudder  at  the  scalps  of  men,  women,  and  childrfu 
dangling  at  his  belt,  but  admire  his  s^iirit  because  so  hard  to  crush  and 
his  ])atriotism  because  it  vras  as  g'onuine  as  ours,  when  we  remember  the 
cause  for  whieli  wo  fouiiht. 

What  othor  county  in  the  Unitid  States  lies  nearer  the  center  of  the 
field  of  great  Indian  events  than  Auglaize'/  What  other  one  can  furni>h 
a  tril).^  tliat  will  match  our  Shawnees  Iti  making  history? 

inn.  Some  days  after  the  battle  a  detaehmiMit  was  sent  to  Ft.  Ke- 
c'jvery  tn  bury  the  de-id  in  ]>its.     A  dee])  sik)w  covered  most  of  the  dead 


li  TIIK   SllAWXF.r'.S. 

bodies  and  but  few  could  bo  found.  The  limbs  of  some  of  tlio  wr>nnded 
had  boon  toi-n  olY  and  stakes  as  lance  as  tlio  arm  had  bt^en  driven  thi-nULrh 
some  of  the  captured  women.  The  Jndians  liad  )>uried  tlie  cannon  Iff!  )iy 
St.  (.'lair's  fieeini^  army. 

1792.  TkKATY  OF  Dkfi.vnc?:  (called  AuL'lai/e).  Aftf^r  Harmar's  defeat 
in  17ilO  and  Ht.  Clair's  in  ITi'l.  the  t^avatest  Indian  council  c\-er  lu'ld  u})  to 
this  time  took  place  at  Deliance.  Tliey  luct  to  decide  whether  tliev 
favored  peace  or  war.  The  United  .States  had  induced  sf'veral  friendly 
tril)es  to  try  and  convince  the  western  Indians,  and  especially  our  Shaw- 
nees,  that  thpy  should  now  favor  ])eace.  Scn-en  nations  from  Canada 
Ciimc  ;  the  six  from  Xew  York  ;  in  fact  so  many  nations  were  ])resent  That 
Cornplanrer,  our  Shawnee  chief,  .said  they  could  not  be  Ct)unted.  Some 
livtHl  so  far  awuy  that  it  took  a  vrhole  season  for  thcrn  to  reach  Delianco. 
Of  course  our  Shuwuees  were  there. 

MSmy  speeches  were  made  by  the  ditYerent  chiefs.  Finally  a  test  was 
made  when  it  was  found  that  our  Sbawnees  were  the  only  ones  tliat  fa- 
vored war.  f)ur  Shawnee  chief  spoke  as  follows:  '-Elder  Brotliers, 
(meaning'  the  Six  nations  of  New  York  who  favored  peace  and  who  had 
been  seiit  by  the  U.  S.)  you  sjieak  from  the  outside  ot  your  li])s.  Y(.)u  take 
your  packs  and  follow  the  voice  of  tlu;  United  States,  \^'e  see  the  voice 
ot  the  Ui'iircil  S:atfS  foltled  uut'ier  your  arms  (a  roll  of  -jKfj.cr)  ;  unfoM  ir 
to  us.  You  do  not  live  so  far  avray  but  w^e  see  your  conduct,  plainly.  'J'he 
United  States  has  sent  you  to  us.  General  Washington  sent  out  ai\  army 
last  fall  tliat  fell  into  our  hands  (at  Ft.  Recovery).  The  blood  is  deeji  in 
our  paths.  He  sends  yon  to  convince  us.  The  President  flunks  hnnscli 
the  greatest  man  on  the  island,  but  we  held  this  country  long  in  ^vmcc 
before  we  ever  saw  a  white  skin.  We  will  treat  with  him  at  the  Miami 
next  Spring  (Maumee  City)."  So  our  Shawnees,  remendjcring  tiii-i7- 
recent  victories,  were  in  no  hurry  to  make  iieac<!  and  delayed  action  until 
"next^pring." 

"ii'ttS-.  TiiF,  TiiKATY  AT  THK  Falls  OF  TiiK  Mau.'mkk,  Maumoe  City,  oc- 
curred accoi'ding  to  the  plans  of  the  Shawnees  just  st;ited  above.  So  our 
Shawnees,  also  tlie  Miamis.  Wyandots,  Cttawas,  and  very  many  otiier 
tribes  were  present.  The  Indians  claimed  they  had  been  forced  to  siirn 
previous  treaties  that  granted  lands  north  of  the  Ohio  to  the  I'nitcnl 
States  and  refused  to  make  a  further  treaty  unless  the  whites  would 
make  the  Ohio  river  tlie  boundary  giving  tlu;  Indians  all  nortli  of  it.  If 
you  will  turn  back  and  read  about  the  treaties  yoii  will  iind  that  the  In- 
dians had  granted  away  all  tlnur  lands  as  far  north  us  th(>  southern 
boundary  of  our  county.  The  Shawnees  had,  within  the  past  ycnv,  re- 
minded the  other  Indian  triiies  of  their  recen.t  victories,  urged  them  to 
unite  for  the  extermination  of  the  whit<^!S,  and  so  did  not  stand  alone  at 
thi^rjt.reaty  as  they  did  the  ye^ir  before  at  Deiiance. 

"■""Tfio  whites   of  course   refused   the   proposition  of  the  Tndinns,   the 
council  ended  without  making  a  treaty,  and  grim  war  followed. 

The  ))leas  of  the  Indians  for  their  lost  lands  were  truly  trjuching. 
They  showed  as  true  ])atriorism  and  as  lofty  devotion  to  race  as  oyer  won 
the  a]>plause  of  civilized  men.  Think  of  their  condition.  Put  yourseli 
In  their  idace.  Tlie  whit<?  man  had  encrouched  ujiou  their  lands  ;  crushed 
Pontiae's  confederacy  that  had  protected  his  ract;  for  tlnrty  years  :  talceu 
])osM-ssion  of  tlu^  common  huiding  gr*.)unds  of  tlie  western  tiibes  ;  secured 
their  lauds  on  the  strength  of  treaties  not  understood  by  the  Indians  and 


f  TriF.   >in.\WNF.F.S.  15 

^  often  ohtiiinodhy  false  promises  and  worthless  [iresents  to  drunken  chiefs  ; 
I  drove  tbtini  from  tlioir  homes  and  ]ia])iiy  lumtinir  frrounds  hy  treaties 
i  made  hy  a  few  yoniiuer  chiefs  of  the  less  iTii]30Ttant  ti-ibes,  who,  on  re- 
1  turning  home,  seldom  even  rep(^rted  that  a  treaty  had  been  made  ;  laid 
?  out  settlements  in  the  heart  of  their  country  ;  built  forts  where  the  In- 
^  dians  bad  builr  towns  ;  n,nd  who  now  som^lit  to  re-establish — at  this  L,'reat 
I  council — the  lioundaries  of  previoiTs  fraudulent  treaties. 
I  The  Indians  said:    "We   were   not   bound   by  these  former  ti'eati'-'s. 

I  They  wei^e  made  by  chiefs  of  two  or  three  nations  only.  They  had  no 
I  riu'ht  to  convey  an  immense  territory  which  they  did  not  own  and  in 
f  which  they  were  not  interested.  They  were  not  authorized  to  make  a 
I  treaty  for  the  (Jonfederacy.  Your  commanders  were  infornKH'l  that  wo 
I         would  )iot  bo  bound  by  those  treaties." 

f  The  poor  Indians  refused  to  make  a  treaty  but,  alas,  it  was  to  do 

f        worse — to  fall])efoi'e  our  army  at  Fallen   Timbers   in    ]79-i,    as   you   will 

i         learn,  and  have  tlieir  ]n-<^ud  s])irit  crushed. 
iSimon  Girty,  the  notorious  reno'/ude.  trader,  and  instis^i^atcn'  of  In- 
dian Wars,  was  an  active  member  of  this  council. 
I  1793.     (iENEKAL  Wayn'k,  On  CHiristmas  day,  sent  some  soldiers  to 

'^  make  a  further  search  for  bodies  at  Ft.  Recovery  as  but  few  had  been 
found  in  17. '1  ov.-ini-  to  the  deep  snov/.  IJis  jjicn  LMtln-rod  u])  six  hundred 
i  more  skulls  and  buried  theT?i.  They  b.uilt  a  fort  and  called  i^  Ft.  iiecovery 
I  l>ecause  they  had  recovered  the  ])lace  from  the  Indians.  Wayne's  army 
5         was  at  Greenville  during  this  winter. 

171' 1.  Sk'Oxd  Attack  on-  Ft.  Recovery,  June  ."'0-31.  On  June  27, 
two  thousand  Indians,  many  Rriti.sh  soldiers,  and  three  British  oliicers, 
came  fri)m  Di'fiance  throuirh  St.  Marys — whei'C  no  douot,  our  tliree  hun- 
dred !Sha  wnee  warriors  joined  thimi  if  they  had  not  done  so  before — turned 
to  the  west  and  attacked  ninety  riflemen  and  lifty  dragoons  that  had 
been  left  to  guard  the  new  fort  at  Recovery.  The  Indians  turned  over 
logs  and  hunted  for  the  cannon  that  they  had  hidden  after  Ht.  Clair's  de- 
feat in  17M  ;  but  the  whites  had  found  all  but  one  and  they  turned  them 
against  the  Indians.  The  '-one"  has  since  been  found.  The  British  were 
painted  and  dressed  as  Indians.  Did  they  disgui.se  themselves  bej.'ause 
they  were  ashamed  to  be  seen  fighting  with  the  Indians  against  us  after 
England  had  surrendered  all  this  territory  to  us  at  the  close  of  the  Revo- 
lution in  17s3":' 

The  Indians  were  defeated  with  a  heavy  loss.  The  fort  was  attiicked 
on  every  side  and  the  b.ittle  lasted  two  days.  The  red  men  must  liave 
bt!en  sadly  in  want  of  jirovision  because  they  killed  and  ate  a  nund)er  of 
their  \nic\i  hor.ses  after  the  defeat. 

Tlie  Bviti.sli  were  urging  the  iTidians  to  ; 'Jn  .;,•  : 'lis  time.  Tliere  is 
little  doubt  ijut  England  furnislu-d  men,  oil-  rs.  ■;'  anununition  to  aid 
the  savages  in  this  attack.  I'erhai)S  you  are  '■;,.;;:•,:  jr  v.diy  tlie  United 
States  does  not  send  out  an  army  that  will  ci  a:r::  t;  udianso)u'^^  fur  all. 
Well,  notice  wlmt  hap])ens  the  next  year. 

17hj.  Battle  oe' Fallen"  Ti.MiiEits,  Aug.  •!'-,  re  .iut.ir'o  C'by  or.  the 
Maumoe.     Gencu'al  Wayne  started  from  (irer    ■    :;  sed  ny.  to  tJj.*  ^.t. 

Marys  river  and  built  Ft.  x\dams  just  west  ol  '  ■/  "  '.nt!  riv<!r  !eave>  uar 
county,  then  across  and  built  Ft.  beliaiiee,  ai  .  ■•  'n  i<>  a  point  near  the 
.scene  of  hattie  and  built  Ft.  Deposit. 

Our  Shawnoes  hud  lieard  of  Wavne's  ai  ■■'>  •-'■^d  were  on  the  ground 


Jfi  THE  ^^nAWXKKS. 

ready  for  thn  conflict.  Enf^land  had  hoen  niakins:  osix>cial  efforts  to  incite 
tlie  Indians  to  dv\\\y  the  Aniorieans  out  of  the  country.  Tliis  vvus  a  .rrn-at 
battle.  A])0ut  :5(iO  Shawnee.s,  200  INIiaiuis,  100  Wvandot.s,  nOO  Uelawan^s, 
besides  many  Ottawas,  Scnecas,  Chipjiewa-S,  and  Pottawattomies — in  all 
about  2,000  Indians — were  attacked  by  Mad  Anthony  Wayne's  iMiO  soldiers. 

Little  Turtle,  the  famous  Miami  cliief,  had  heard  of  ^Vayne  and  ad- 
visiHl  the  Indians  not  to  iiirlit  iiini,  in  tlie  follov^-int!:  sinnx-h  :  "We  luive 
beaton  the  Americans  twice  under  sejKiratc  commanders.  Harmar  in  iTitO 
at  Ft.  Wayne  and  Ht.  Clair  in  1701  at  Ft.  Tiocovery  ;  l)ut  the  Americans 
are  now  led  by  a  chief  that  never  sleeps — the  niirht  and  day  are  alilce  to 
him.  We  have  never  been  able  to  surpri.so  him.  ^ometliing  whi.spiTs  to 
me  that  it  will  1h^  prudent  to  listen  to  his  offers  of  peace."  As  usual  our 
yiiawnees  v.-ere  in  fiivor  of  wur.  Bhie  Jacket,  the  jrreat  Shawnee  war 
chief  lived  at  Wapakoueta  at  this  date.  He  was  for  war  and  led  not  only 
the  Shawneos  in  this  battle  but  all  the  tribes  ;  he  was  commander  in  chief. 
Bhtckhoof,  another  of  our  famous  Hhawneo  chiefs  vras  present  and  assist- 
ed Blue  Jacket.  Notice  that  our  .Shawnecs  were  the  cattse  of  this  battle. 
because  many  other  tribes  advised  at^-aiust  it  after  liearin^  Little  Tnrtuf's 
si)eech. 

Well,  the  battle  begins  by  a  rush  from  Mad  Anthony's  army  vvliich 
drove  the  Indians  over  f;i!Ien  timber.^-  more  tlian  t'.vo  iniles  in  less  tl-:.],n 
one  hour,  and  complettdy  routed  them.  Wayne  lost  aliout  thirty  iiv«> 
killed  and  about  one  hitndred  were  wounded.  The  Indian  loss  is  not 
known  but  would  have  been  more  if  they  had  not  Iieen  alile  to  make  sucli 
^'ood  time  over  thi^  fallen  trees.  There  were  many  white  men  among  tlie 
Indians  and  those  killed  had  British  muskets  and  bayonets. 

This  was  called  the  battle  of  Fallen  Timbers  because  the  trees  had 
been  torn  down  by  a  tornado  some  years  before.  The  Indians  ])rolK'..bly 
choose  this  ground  thinking  the  logs  would  be  an  advantag(!  to  thi'm  in 
their  method  of  hghting  ;  but  it  took  sonif^thing  more  than  wild  Indians, 
logs,  and  tangled  underbrush  to  check  Mad  Anthony, — even  something 
more  than  such  tShawnee  Sachems  as  Blockhoof  and  Tame  Hawk  or  sucii 
{Shawnee  war  chiefs  as  Blue  Jacket  and  Cajnain  Johnny. 

The  loss  at  this  battle  disheartened  the  Indians.  They  held  a  council 
and  were  all  in  favor  of  making  a  treaty  with  Wayne,  except  our  h?haw- 
nees  who  were  still  for  war. 

Turkeyfoot,  the  celebrated  Wyandot  chief,  was  slain  at  this  battle. 
The  proud  s])irit  of  the  Indians  was  broken  and  some  of  the  tribes  prnm- 
i.sed  to  make  a  treaty  v.'iih  \v^ayne  the  next  year.  You  will  observe  that 
this  battle  quieted  the  Indians  to  a  very  great  extent  for  sixteen  years. 
Pre\-ious  to  this  no  ])ortion  of  the  west  was  more  Iveloved  by  the  Indians 
than  tlie  Manmee  Valley  and  its  tributaries  and  that  included  the  St. 
Marys  and  tlie  Auglaize. 

The  battle  beinu  over,  Wayne  started  back.  He  found  nntcli  corn 
and  destroyed  it.  There  was  a  thousiind  acres  abotit  Defiance.  Wlien  lui 
reached  Ft.  Wayne  on  his  way  back,  he  found  five  hundred  acres  more. 
He  sto])]X'd  there  and  built  Ft.  Wayne.  While  at  Defiance  on  his  way 
back  lio  had  received  two  hundred  kegs  of  tlour  Jind  la^trly  two  hundred 
Cattle.  At  Ft.  Wayne,  at  one  time,  hi'  received  live  hundred  and  fifty-tlut'o 
kegs  of  iK)wder  of  one  liundrcd  i)iiun.ls  e;ich,  and  at  another  time  large 
(pi.intities  of  flour,  beef,  and  shee]).  Yet  his  tirmy  sulfered  for  [)rovisions 
at  Ft.  Wa^-ne,  for  a  pint  of  Siilt  sold  for  as  mucli  as  six  dollars.     There 


Tnr.  snAwxKKs.  47 

can  he  but  little  doubt  bi\t  many  of  those  supplies  were  hauled  ueross  from 
liOrujnio  to  ^^t.  Marys,  or  driven  across  and,  from  tlion;  sent  on  to  Defiance 
or  Ft.  Wayne. 

1704.  Ft.  Dp.kianck  was  built  by  Wayne  wliile  on  tlie  wuv  to  tlxe 
battle  of  Fallen  Tind,V'rs.  It  was  u  strotij.'  fort  but  never  us.'d  much  afti>r 
the  treaty  of  (-rroenvdlo  in  1795. 

IT'.Vi.  FoiiT  Dkposit  was  built  by  Wavno  neur  the  scene  of  tlie  hattle 
of  Fallen  Timlx-rs.  It  was  a  small  atlair  and  used  to  store  his  extra  sup- 
plies in. 

1794.  Ft.  Wayne  was  built  by  "Wayne  on  his  return  from  Fallen 
Timbers. 

l?i.'l.  WAYXi:"s  Ar;MY  left  Ft.  Wayne  and  passed  throua-h  Fort  AdaJus 
on  the  way  to  St.  Marys.  Ima'-Muo  this  fi.-'ry  t^^oueral  with  his  victorious 
army  i)iissint,'  throui^h  our  primeval  forest.s"  over  one  lumdrod  years  ai<o. 
If  you  can  not  do  this,  at  least,  buy  his  picture  and  han.q;  it  ori  the  wuU. 
His  army  and  his  i>rovisions  passed  tlu-ouuh  our  county  ;  the  Indians  that 
ca.used  the  battle  of  Fallen  Tnnbi'rs  lived  in  our  county  ;  the  {.;omm.indL'r- 
in-C!iief  of  the  Indian  army  lived  in  our  county;  and  the  Indians  most 
dilUcult  for  Wayne  to  confiuer  lived  in  our  county.  Have  we  not  a  ri^dit  to 
have  soTue  local  interest  in  tin;  life  of  this  renouned  p-eneral  y  Have  we  not 
i;  ri^ur  to  incir.'.ie  iiv;u  iu  uur  C'^.Tury  hiotory:  Ho  left  Sr.  M-irys  for 
(Treenville  probably  by  way  of  Loramie.  He  did  not  pass  throuiih  our 
county  on  his  way  from  Greenville  to  the  Battle  of  Fallen  Timbers.  Imt 
went  throuL'h  Mercer  county.     It  was  on  his  return  that  he  came  this  way. 

179-1.  FoKT  hT.  Marys  was  built  by  a  detachment  of  Wayne's  arrnr 
probably  after  he  had  returned  to  (-rretrnville.  There  is  some  reason  to 
believe  that  he  did  not  build  it  until  after  the  Greenville  treaty  in  179r>. 
It  was  built  on  tlie  west  bank  of  the  St.  xMarys  just  south  of  town  where 
the  throe  branches  unite.  It  was  pro])ably  near  where  the  brick  bouse 
now  stands.  It  was  erected  as  a  supply  depot  for  food  and  forage  and 
was  uTuler  command  of  (Japtain  John  Whistler  while  the  ^^arrison  was 
kept  within  its  i)ulis;ides. 

1794.  Foirr  Loramik  was  built  by  Wayne  jufc.fc  over  our  southern  coun- 
ty line,  prob.ably  after  he  returned  to  (4reenville.  It  is  also  po.^sible  tl»;it 
this  fort  was  not  built  until  after  the  tj-eaty  in  179.j.  It  v.-as  not  used- 
long  as  a  military  post. 

As  stated  before  it  was  occu]iie<l  by  Ensrlish  tr<iders  for  a  few  years 
endiuLC  in  1752.  That  year  the  settlement  was  destroytxl  by  the  French. 
In  17>'2,  George  R.  Clark  came  u)i  th'3  valley  and  dc.-,tr<iyeil  tlio  Froneli 
Settlement.  Loramie  was  the  name  ol  the  Frenchman  that  had  a  store 
tliere.  This  is  the  jioint  .'^o  important  in  treaty  lines.  Notice  that  is  on  u 
line  witli  the  southernmost  boundary  of  our  county.  It  was  at  one  en  . 
of  the  ].ortaire  between  the  Mamnee  wliile  St.  Marys  was  at  the  otlK  '. 
PiOiML^  such  commanding  and  important  iK)ints,  no  wonder  that  Wic  e 
built  a  fort  at  each  place. 

1794.  (4i:nkral  Wayxk  him.self  deserves  a  ])aragra])h.  Wo  rC;  .  e.i 
lii^tory  of  his  valor  at  Gerinantown  and  his  storming  of  Stony  Pome 
His  da.-bing  victory  in  our  west  cruslied  the  Indians  and  cau.sed  Kug- 
'.r'-e:l  *-)  give  u])  Jier  ho]Xi  of  annexing  our  northwest  to  her  doiiKiin. 
''-hu-gr;-it  louder  led  his  army  tlirough  our  county,  cut  roads  through 
h.-'\  I  ■  ilt  u  fort  liere,  and  concjuen^l  our  s^ivag<;  Sliaunees.  We  have 
J  .;  ■n-cJ  Lira  ])y  Waynesii'dd,   Wayne   township,    Wayne  street,  and  Ft. 


18 


TTIF.   ;m.\W\F.ES. 


Wayno  piko.  Tnfapablo  of  foar.  soorniiiG:  doath.  ho  was  namotl  "IMad 
Aritlions'."  The  Inaians  at  lirst  callod  hiin  ".Snake"  but  tbcv  soonch;iiiu'- 
od  his  ntuno  to  "Tornado."     The  national  sorrow  caused  bv  St.  (;iair".>^  de- 


rrf^-r 


^  •'^Vf'jPWjVsWTVrsri^..' 


T*A;*iF»-^«t«!i<r-f 


feat,  was  more  than  bahinood  )>y 
Wayne's  victorv.  He  was  too 
slirewd  for  Tnrkoyfoot's  Inditin.s 
and  more  tlianaTnatch  tor  Snuon 
Girty's  cvimnn<i;.  Ho  estalihslicd 
boundaries  and  (^^^[jellcd  the  In- 
dians to  sue  foj-  ])eaee.  He  al- 
ways had  his  trusted  scouts  out, 
was  always  ]n-i'pared  for  b;ittli>. 
ahvuTS  7nov<'d  rai)idl7.  Plis  ]»re-;- 
enee  awed  the  Indians  and  shield- 
ed the  people  from  the  murderous 
tomahawk. 

Wa shin i:;' ton  gave  St.  Clair  and 
Wayne  th(?  same  advice — cau- 
tioned, thcju  auainst  lndia7i  sur- 
prises. One  lieard  hiin,  the  otlior 
didJii'.fc.  ( I. -neral  Wayne's  n;:7!ie 
is  07ie  of  the  greatest  in  our  liis- 
tory  and  those  that  now  reside 
l)oacefnlly  on  our  fanns  and  in 
1  our  tow7is,  can  never  know  what 
.  i  ho  did  for  Autrlaizo  county  in 
ii^  humbling  the  bold  spirit  of  tbe 
han;^'hty,  war-lovini?  Shawnees. 
vS  Came  to  Wjqiakoneta.  Lsaac  Harvey 
was  their  worthy  leader.  They  had  a  school  and  aimed  to  assist  the  In- 
dians. They  induced  them  to  cease  inittini,''  witches  to  death.  This  was 
accoTuplished  by  Harvey  otlerintr  his  life  to  save  tliat  of  a  witch.  Tlie 
Quakers  taniiht  the  Indian  children  ;  tau.i:^ht  cho  Indians  to  use  the  horse 
to  carry  burdens  instead  of  using  their  squaws  for  that  ]iur])Oso  ;  tau'jrlit 
them  to  make  and  use  tools.  Some  of  our  older  inhabitants  i-emember 
the  Shawnees  but  not  the  untamed  ones  of  1791.  Contact  with  civih/.a- 
tion  marie  a  great  cliango  in  them  in  the  next  thirty-eight  years. 

170").  TiiK  Ti'KATV  OK  (-rRKF:NviLT.K  was  One  of  tiie  most  important 
over  made  between  the  Indians  a7\d  the  United  States.  Wayne  kiiew 
that  all  otlier  treaties  were  weak  and  denied  by  many  tribes.  So  ho  con- 
trived to  have  all  the  great  chief.^  of  all  great  wc^stern  Indians  present  in 
order  that  there  miglit  lie  no  chance  to  disnute  tlio  terms  of  this  treaty  in 
the  fntuv.3. 

His  victory  at  Fallen  Timbers  had  made  a  ]n'ofound  impression  on  the 
.red  men  and  they  were  quite  willini:  to  m(>et  him  oji  terms  of  peuoo.  So 
14!}  of  onr  Shawnees,  45  (Jttawas,  7;>  Miamis.  ISO  Wyandots,  besides  Tuany 
Dela wares,  I'ottawisttomies.  (.']nT)]iewas,  KU  Rivers.  Weas,  Kickapoos,  and 
Ka'^kaskias — in  all  eleven  of  tlio  most  powerful  nati(ms  numl)erini<  elevi-n 
linndred  persims — assoTubled  at  (ireenvillo.  Our  Sbawnees  gave  Wuyne 
mori'  C07icern  tluai  a7iy  other  tribe  liecause  the  7nost  v/ariikeand  stidj];Mrji 
(^f  i'.ll  l77dians,  slow  in  co7ning  to  the  council,  and  the  last  to  a!4:ree  in  tbe 
ti'CMty.     It   was   no   small    matter  to  eniertuijx  eleve7i   hundred   Indiiui.-- 


'•.^lAO   .\.Sl  JiO.W     \VAi>.ii;." 

1794.     TiTii  Fkii-:m)s  on  Quakki 


f'* 


THK  ^;HA^v.v^:Ks.  49 


\m        several  days  in  such  an  iicce])tji1)le  7nunnor  n^  to  create  and  maintain  a 

■f         friendly  spirit  aniong  tlieni,  espc^ciully  sinoo  he  had  ])romiHcd  t)u>n\  plenty 
I         to  eat  and  drink. 

(Since  his  advent  into  the  west,  Wayne  liad  ke))t  the  Indians  uncer- 
tain as  to  his  streuL'th  and  liad  worked  one  tribe  atrainst  another  in  order 
y  to  kee])  tlis'ir  o])iuii:in  divided  until  he  niitrlit  nieet  them  in  cinincd.  With- 
I  out  any  very  dctinitt'  previous  agreement  they  he^^an  to  come  I0  (.Treen- 
ville  as  early  as  June  and  notify  him  that  they  had  come  to  stic  for  peace. 
They  began  to  make  addresses  on  Juno  Iti  and  continued  until  the  treaty 
was  si'j:ned.  A  preliminary  treaty  had  been  niade  on  January  24  ])ut  it 
was  not  important. 

Many  chiefs  spoke ;  ainona"  thoTu  our  noted  Hhawnee  cliief,  Blue 
J;ir']nd  who  made  four  addresses  ;  Little  Turtle,  the  famous  Miunii  leader, 
who  made  eleven  speeches  ;  New  Corn,  Bad  Bird.  The  Sun.  aud  Crane. 
liittle  Turtle  and  Bkae  Jacket  were  very  cautious.  Tlie  Shawnees  had 
more  to  lose  than  any  other  tribe.  Tliey  had  been  driven  froTU  southern 
Ohio,  from  the  Sc-ioto,  froTU  Mad  River,  from  Picpia  a7ul  fi>ared  they 
would  now  lose  all  that  remained. — their  home  in  Aus^laize  county. 

At  this  cou7icil  the  jNIiamis,  Wyandots,  Delawares,  and  .several  other 
■    tribes  claimed  to  owm  the  part  of  Oiiio  ceded   to  tlie  United  Htates  bv 
})rc\i'.)us  ;reat-es.     ^-o  it  i.-  plain  tlir-y  did  not  kuow  thi'ir  own  lioura.ku'ies. 
Many  of  them  owned  villages  by  occupancy  or  sufferance  but  their  hunt- 
ing grounds  must  have  been  held  largelv  in  common. 

LiTTLK  Turtle's  SeKKL'nKS  Wkki:,  in  part,  as  follows  : 

June  'i'.'>.     I  have  nothiTig  to  say  at  this  time. 

June  oO.  General  Wayne,  you  have  told  tis  we  shoidd  share  your 
provisions  while  we  st-ayed  ;  we  depend  upon  receivinii:  wliat  you  prom- 
ised. When  brothers  meet  they  should  always  ex]terience  pleasure.  As 
it  is  a  cool  day,  we  hoi)e  you  will  give  us  some  drink.  You  ])romised  to 
treat  us  well  aud  we  expect  to  be  treated  as  warriors.  We  also  wish  you 
to  give  our  brothers  some  wine,  and  we  should  like  some  mutton  and 
pork.     I  hope  you  will  be  jdeased  with  our  visit. 

July  1  s.  I  ain  eniiniy  ignorant  of  the  treaty  of  Muakinsum.  I  hoi>o 
those  who  held  it  may  give  us  their  oynnion.  A  few  of  our  voung  men 
were  seduced  to  attend  it.  (Wayne  had  made  this  treaty  at  Ft.  Harmar 
on  the  Ohio  with  the  Wyandots.  Ottawas,  Chippewas,  Dkda wares,  and 
Pottawattomies  in  17^1'  and  it  confirmed  the  treaties  of  17s4  and  IT'^o. 
The  \V^.vandots  seduced  some  chiefs  of  other  tri'oes  to  sign  it.  It  ceded 
awiiy  all  01  Ohio  as  far  north  as  Loraniie.) 

July  22.  (4en.  Wayne,  I  wish  to  inform  you  where  th<^  Afiamis  live. 
^I'heir  boundary  extended  as  far  east  as  a  line  drawn  from  Detroit  to  the 
headwaters  of  the  Scioto  (in  Auglaize  county)  and  thence  down  that  river 
to  the  Ohio.  The  treaty  you  propo.~e.  cuts  a  lart'O  i)ortion  of  our  territory 
oh".  I  came  with  the  ex]>ectation  of  hearing  you  say  good  things,  but  1 
have  not  heard  them. 

July  2S.     1  um  surprised  that  you  Shawnees  are  not  yet  ready. 

July  2V.  Yo\i  want  two  miles  srpiare  at  Little  liiver  (is  that  at  St. 
Marys?;.  This  is  a  requf^st  the  Freiicli  or  J^ritish  n(r\-<>r  made  of  us — it 
Was  always  ours.  This  carrying  ]>laco  has  V)rou',dit  to  us  in  one  day,  the 
amuuut  of  07ie  hundred  dollars.     lAit  us  hoih  own  it. 

Thk  Ti;i:vtv  Piioi-kk  was  signed  .iuly  oO  ;  engrossed  August  3  ;  and 
hj:   ;  n..'ra..;i  was  taken  August  7.     Thus  was  completed  one  of  the  niost 


THK    SllAWNKE^'. 


iinportnnt  trcatv-lines  in  history.  It  extt-ndod  west  from  Loramie  aloiii? 
our  sr.utlKn-iiTiiost  Ijouadary  line  lor  a  short  distance  to  Ft.  Recovery 
tlicnco  south-west  to  the  Oliio.  From  Loramie  it  also  extended  north  of 
oast  in  a  line  shown  on  every  mai)  of  Ohio,  tlience  down  the  Cuyahoj^a 
toValre  Krie.  All  north  of  this  line  bidonired  to  tlie  Indians  ;  all  south  to 
the  lJnil«'d  ;:-tates.  This  vs-us  the  same  lin»?  which  liad  been  established  by 
several  other  treaties  but  whicii  had  been  denied  l)y  several  tribes.  This 
left  our  county  still  in  Indian  territory  as  the  Shawnees  desired.  Tlio 
Wvandots  and  t-^hawnees  owned  this  county  unless  we  exce])t  what  was 
Avest  of  the  St.  Marvs  whicli  mux  luive  been  claimed  by  the  Miumis.  The 
Ott'iwas  and  Delawares  v.-ith  the  tribes  just  mcniioned  occuined  the  In- 
dian territory  in  Ohio.  Did  their  lands  include  al>out  ono-third  of  tb.c^ 
stut.-y     S.e  !i  map  of  Ohio,  and  notice  the  part  north  of  the  (-ireenville 

Treat  v-line.  .^  ,     i    t-        i 

S:\i\i.L  Kkskkvatii)n's  in  our  Indian  territory  were  asked  tor  i)y 
Wayne  as  un  evidence  that  the  Indians  meant  to  continue  to  bo  friendly. 
Ho  also  tohl  theni  tliut  these  tracts  would  be  used  as  tradins^  stations  and 
be  a  ta-eat  advantage  to  the  Indians.  His  real  object  was  to  secure  reser- 
vations on  which  ho  might  build  forts.  There  was  much  opposition  to 
the  propo-:irion  Init  it  prevailed  and  the  Indians  ceded  the  I  nited  !Stut.-s 
.,  t-'-  "t  fyo  '-iiV^'S  srrnire  at  Sr.  ^r:H•v<.  rvn'si'v  !niV>s  ^.-nnre  at  !•  t. -Mnan.iM, 
one  six  miles  square  ne^ar  Loramie,  an.l  several  other  reservations  m  tlio 
Indian  territory.  The  Indians  also  ai,'reed  to  allo\v  the  Americans  tree 
iviss-.n-e  from  Loramie  across  the  portavre  to  St.  Marys  and  from  St.  Marys 
to  I  ake  Ih-ie  The  Indians  requ(^<ted  Wayne  to  draw  the  boundary-lines 
between  the  several  tribes  but  he  wisely  refused.  By  the  terms  of  the 
treaty  the  Shawnees,  Miami.-*,  Wvandots,  and  other  principal  tribes  were 
to  bf*\4ven  a  thousand  dollars  a  year  forever  while  the  smaller  tribes 
were  to  receive  live  hundred.  Twenty  thousand  dollars  worth  of  g-oods 
weie  ^nxcn  the  Indians  when  the  treaty  was  signed.  ^  ou  will  notice  that 
the  luTghty  dollar  was  getting  in  its  work  even  m  this  early  day. 

The  two  most  noted  of  our  Shawnee  cbief.^  at  this  council  v.-ere  Blaclc- 
hoof  and  Blue  Jacket.     They  each  took  an  active  part. 

So  closed  the  council  that  cstablislied  the  famous  CTreenville  Ireaty 
Line^  \f  tor  all ,  this  sirnply  means  that  the  parties  to  the  treaty  conhrmed 
tlie  treaties  of  Ft.  Mcintosh,  Pa.,  .i:---; ;  and  the  treaty  of  Ft.  Hamar  on 
the  Ohio,  IT.^y.— both  of  which  cstablislied  the  same  boundary  between 
the  whites  and  Indians. 

Ignore  had  been  almost  continuous  llgliting  for  htty  years,  showing 
how  dearly  the  Indians  loved  tlanr  country, -how  lotli  they  were  to  give 
up  their  -happv  hunting  gromuls-'.  After  17vt5,  thei-^^,  was  but  littio  di.-- 
turhanco  until  near  the  War  of  is]-.  While  many  Indmns  liad  refused 
to  be  jxov.'rn.xl  bv  the  treaties  of  irsr>  and  l.-U,  the  one.  signed  at  .reen- 
ville  broke  their  spirit  until  Tecumseh,  the  Shawnee  duet,  revived  it  lie- 
tore  the  War  of  Is;  I .'.  ^  ,,.  •  X  i  1 
The  Northwest  was  settled  very  rapidly  after  ^\  ayne  s  treaty  and 
Ohio  had  a  ])opulation  of  r..000  within  a  year. 

\mou^  other  reasons  this  council  concerns  us  becan.e  it  was  held  m  a 

coui^y  that  corners  with  ours;  because  the  treaty  ime  esUtbhslied  is  a 

mrn^  our  bound:.rv  hue  ;  because  our  Shawne(«s  wi  )i  the  Mianns,   were 

ho  acknowledged  nioving  spirits  on  tlu-  part  of  tlu>  in<  lans  ;  i'^-<-^use    wo 

of  the  reservations  granted  the  United  States  were  locati.l  m  this  coant3 


THF    SIIAWNEES. 


51 


— thpy  being  the  entering  wodgo  towards  driviiig-  the  red  man  from  Au- 
glaize ;  l^ccai'.so  the  Anieri(\ii'.s  wrro  grantt'd  the  rit,'ht  of  free -[tassiiLTii 
through  this  section;  and  l>:^r'anse  it  started  siieh  a  flood  of  immigration 
in  this  direction  that  every  Indian — title  and  all — was  swept  Ironi  the 
coimty  within  the  next  thirty-seven  years. 

1795.  T.rn  i.K  Tcrtlk.  the  tamous  Iviiami  chief,  the  gentlf-man  of  his 
race,  was  tlio  son  of  a  chinf .  He  commanded  thr  iMiamis  against  llarn'.ar 
in  17'90  in  the  attack  OJi  Ft.  Wayne  ;  was  Connnander-in-L'hicf  at  .St.  Clair's 
defe^'it  at  Ft.  Kecovery  in  1791 ;  led  the  Indians  in  the  assault  on  Ft.  Ite- 
covery  in  17V(4  :  with  his  caintal  at  Ft.  Wayne,  he  was  the  master  sinrit  of 
the  allied  confederate  Indians ;  fonght  ^Vayno  at  the  hattle  of  Fallen 
Timbers  ;  at  the  negotiations  which  led  to  the  Treaty  of  (Jreenvillo,  he  had 
the  doiibif^  tasl:  of  oontrolliiiLr  all  the  confederate  chiefs  and  ixiatrhing 
(ieneral  Wayne;  opposed  the  schemes  of  Tecumseh  that  are  yet  to  be  men- 
tioned ;  looked  with  horror  n]>on  intemperance  and  human  sacrifice  ;  was 
honest  and  brave  ;  was  our  friend  at  the  o])ening  of  the  War  of  1.SJ2,  and 
died  loved  by  all.     He  was  bnried  at  Ft.  Wayne  with  honors  in  I81:i. 

1795.  Ft.  St.  Marys  and  Ft.  Louamik  were  built  after  Wayne  re- 
turned from  Fallen  Timbers  and  probably  after  the  Treaty  of  Greenville 
was  signed,  on  reservations  secured  from  the  Indians  by  that  treaty. 
TliLri"*  is  so?:v:-  <liiu\'t-  a-  f^  ■':b.i'  e.v:'Ct  t'nu\ 

1795.     TiTK  Old  War-Path  crossing  our  county  and  connectimr   tiie 

headwaters  of  the  !Maumt;e  iind 
ISliami  is  becoming  famous.  You 
n\ust  have  noticed  the  frequency 
with  which  its  trail  has  been  ful- 
lowod.  Neither  does  this  date  t'ud 
its  history  as  yoit  will  tind.  It 
really  extended  from  Deti'Oit  to 
CincimMiti  through  A  u  g  1  a  i  /  e 
cotinty-.— -■ 

1795.  .Tamks  (tirty  l)CC)ime 
.afraid  to  live  so  near  the  whites, 
and  sold  out  his  .interests  and 
stock  in  trade  to  Charles  Murray 
and  moved  down  the  jNIaumee. 
His  cabin  stood  between  the  river 
and  canal  at  i^t.  !Marys  at  a  ])oiut 
where  the  \j.  K.  it  W.  \l.  R.  cros- 
ses. He  probably  tised  the. 
spriiig  that  issues  from  under  one 
of  the  abutments  of  the  bridtrt^ 
James  was  a  tra(h^r  and  a  nmch 
more  heartless  rcneirade  than  his 
brother  JSiinon.  «-iirty"s  Town 
(St.  ibirys)  was  naTued  after  liim. 
Tl\e  four  <-;irty  brother.s  had 
!ili  bi(?en  taken  pri'-xiuers  liy  the 
irulian-  wbil'^  young  but. escu]>e<l. 
.J:im.<--  was  futoiited  liy  the  h;);;iw- 


.--■-V 

J 

'•'1 

''■■! 

p'"'    - 

'      .    .,;           .      \    •■'^-'■\" 

-(.  .■Si.irs' 


W'.', 


.;  A  >ll.S  <il  K  1 
.\  t'tt  V  \N  hdiii  (.irt  v's   'I  ui\  ii  i 
■N.iiiu.i. 

nees.    Simon    by   the   Delawarcs  (imt  lived  mur-h  of  the   tune   with  tbe 
Wvandots^  (-;eorti:e   by  tlie  Dtilawavcs,   and   TJiomas   by  another   tribe. 


^'i-  THK   SIIAAVNKKS. 

Some  authors  state  that  Simon  was  adojMed  by  tlio  Senncas.  Aftor  es- 
caping from  his  oaptives,  Simon  onlisti'd  wilh  the  Em^'lish  at  Pittsbnr!.r 
hut  deserted  witli  McKee  and  Elliott.  The  (-lirtys,  McKees.  and  Ellioir 
beciime  Indian  traders  and  renei^ades  and  trave  our  pcsople  much  trouble 
durinj;  tlie  Indiiin  wars  and  the  War  of  1X12.  Simon  Uirtv  was  the  ])est 
known  of  the  brorliers.  lieiiii,' a  leader  anvl  councilor  amonir  the  Indians. 
JaTues  was  the  wursr  of  tla;  four  brothers  and  took  delight  ill  inhictins^- 
the  most  fiendish  punishments  on  prisoners,  sparins^  neither  women  nor 
children.  James  led  in  the  attack  on  Dunlap's  Station  in  1791 ;  was  active 
in  several  councils  :  i'ouirht  in  the  War  of  fsiU:  aided  Tecum.>^eh.  the 
Shawnee  chief,  in  the  battle  of  the  Thames  ;  and  died  in  Canada,  old,  in- 
firm, and  l)liiid.  Simon  was  a  liosom  friend  of  Simon  Kenton  and  oiu-e 
Siived  him  from  boimr  killed  by  tb.n  Indians  wlio  had  t;\ken  him  pri'^-nier. 
Ir95.  TriK  Fiksx  Skttlkp.  in  the  county  miuht  be  said  to  be  Cliavies 
Murray.  He  lived  liere  n)any  years  and  had  much  to  do  v.-ith  the  earliest 
permanent  white-  s'.'ttlemenr.  His  hut  musti  have  been  within  the  limits 
of  the  two-miles-square  res(n-vation  at  St.  Marys,  secured  from  the  Indians 
at  the  Greenville  council. 

I?y5.  Sf.vkual  TiiiBKS  have  claimed  our  county.  Now  that  wc  are 
about  to  pass  the  historic  year,  171'.").  it  uii^'ht  be  well  to  remember  tin;  ordr-r 
in  wliioh  they  c.^<'upie;l  tiii-  se-ri.^n.  Prob:ib]r  nriny  years  bef>av  JT'^e 
the  Miamis  came  here.  Tlie  Iroquois  of  New  York  claimed  that  they  con- 
quered all  the  tribes  west  to  the  ]Mississi])pi  river  before  1700.  If  so  they 
possessed  the  lands  of  the  Miamis.  For  some  reason  they  could  not  main- 
tain their  authority  over  th<'^  west  and  so  this  section  ])roba])ly  went  back 
to  tlie  Miamis.  However,  the  Iroquois  did  not  acknowledge  this  and 
ceded  all  their  lands  in  our  section  to  Enixland  at  the  treaty  of  Alltany  in 
10^1.  Of  course  other  tribes  here  claimi'd  that  the  Iro(iuois  luid  no  land.-, 
at  tliis  place.  About  1700  the  Wyandots  came  down  fr(<m  the  north  and 
occupied  our  County  at  the  sufferance  of  the  xVIiaTuis.  in  17>^2  the  Shaw- 
nees  moved  in  and  occupied  the  county  at  the  sufferance  of  the  Wyandots. 
The  Shawnees  built  towns  here  and  I  suppose  the  ^Vyandots  finally  ac- 
knowled^red  that  the  Shawnees  owned  the  town  sites  by  occu])uncy  ])ut 
still  claimed  to  be  the  real  owners  of  the  huntiuij;  grounds.  However, 
none  of  the.se  early  tribes  had  their  boundaries  dehnitely  drawn.  Again, 
remember  that  while  the  United  States,  by  treaty,  acknowli;dged  tlie  In- 
dian territory  north  of  the  Greenville  Treaty  line,  the  governm'.'iit  really 
claimed  that  France  gave  it  to  England  at  tiie  close  of  the  French  and  In- 
war  in  17o;),  and  that  Entrland  liad  granted  it  to  the  Uiiifi-d  States  ut  tin-' 
close  of  the  Revolutionary  war  in  17^3.  Tlie  Indians  claimed  they  owned 
the  Indian  territory,  inehiding  our  county,  and  tlui  United  States  let  tliem 
think  so.  What  do  yoii  think  about  itV  Had  France  ovt^i-  gotten  a  title 
tor  it  from  the  Indians?  No.  Did  England  gtit  a  title  for  our  county 
from  I'rance,  that  France  herself  did  not  have?  No.  Was  the  title  tliat 
England  received  from  the  Irofiuois  in  lt'>o-t  a  good  one  for  our  ('0111117? 
No.  If  the  Irocpiois  ever  posses.sed  our  county  by  coiKjuest,  they  were 
not  able  to  maintain  their  authority  and  of  course  lost  it.  and  it  revc^rted 
to  the  former  owners.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  our  government  made  the 
Indian  lands  a  part  of  the  United  States.  Ha<l  she  any  other  right  to  it 
than  the  right  of  civili/jition  to  tala*  by  force  tlie  lands  of  barbarians? 
I'os.sibiy  you  believt?  the  Indians  had  I'orfeited  iheir  ownerslii])  by  engag- 
ing in  war  against  the  Unili'd  StJite^),     But  whs'  did  the  Indians  engage  in 


THE    SHAWN EES.  •  C'6 

war?    Because  the  whites  were  trying  to  crowd  them  out  of  the  country. 

Well,  tlie  ti-euly  of  (.n'oonvillo  left  tlie  ►Slmwnt'os  and  Wyandnt.s  in  *']iiis- 
5-e.-!sion"  of  Au^nlaize  county,  ".vbateviT  "])(>ssossion"'  meant.  What  title 
had  the  Shawnees  to  Aui^laize  county y  >lone;  they  came  in  17)>'Z  at  the 
will  of  the  Wyandots.  What  title  had  the  Wyandots  to  our  county? 
None  ;  they  came  hei-o  shortly  after  ITUU  at  the  sulfi'rance  of  tljo  iliamis. 
^Vhat  title  had  the  Miamis  to  thv,  country?  Prohably  Ihcy  occupied  it  by 
conquest  before  1700.  Perhaps  this  (.luestion  of  '-be^t  title"  will  be  set- 
tled if  you  debate  the  subject  with  someone.  Did  the  l.roqtiois  of  New 
York  ever  claim  this  territory y  Y<'s  ;  tbey  claimed  to  have  won  it  by 
coucpaest  before  1700.  They  claimed  to  have  ceded  it  to  Kn-land  at  the 
treaty  of  Alltany,  IGSi.  Other  tribes  claimed  the  Wyandots  either  never 
owned  it,  or  if  tliey  ever  did  that  they  had  ceased  to  occu]>y  it  and  that  it 
liad  reverted  to  the  former  owners  who  may  have  been  tiio  Miamis.  Who 
were  tlie  ori'^inal  owners  of  our  county?  Probably  the  Miamis,  so  far  as 
history  can  determine  at  ].n-esent. 

Tiie  Wyandots  belonged  to  the  tri'eat  Huron- Iroquoian  family  taid  liv- 
ed between  lakes  Huron  and  Erie.  Tiie  French  established  missions  amon^ 
the  Hurons  in  16;>:^.  The  Hurons  allied  themselves  with  the  Algonquins 
against  the  Iroquois  but  were  tUspevsed  by  the  latter.  Thf^  llui'ons  tbut 
c\L!ju.'  \v.?;^t  in  liiU'i'  years  were  caile't  \'<-'yandots. 

179G.  Wayn'k  County  was  orsani/.ed.  This  was  tlie  tiiird  covmty  out 
of  the  Northwest  territory  and  included  Auglai/.e.  Several  states  were 
mado  from  Wayne  county  in  later  years. 

]  ruG.  Bkt\s'f.kn  TviK  Indians  and  Wiutks  a  friendly  intercour.se  s]n'ani^ 
up.  The  dissatisfi(id  Indians  went  further  into  the  northwest  wilderness 
or  into  Canada.     The  forts  throuLch  here  were  al^andoned  to  decay. 

The  best  authority  places  Loramie  on  the  boundary  line  betwi^en 
Hamilton  and  Wayne  counties,  but  some  mai)s  extend  the  line  t}irou;_ch 
St.  Marys  and  W^apakoneta. 

17'.)G.  J L'ixtE  Burn KTT  attended  court  at  Marit^tta  and  Detroit  from 
this  date  to  the  formation  of  our  state  (constitution  in  IsO'i  and  on  liis  way 
sometimes  ])assed  throu-^h  Wapakoneta  and  sometiniesthrou.i^li  St.  Marys. 
On  one  of  tlu'se  trips  he  and  his  party  of  two  or  three  were  stop])iiig  over 
nij.':iit  ^■dth  the  Shawnees  at  Wa])akonL'ta.  Blue  Jacket,  the  Sbawnee  war 
chief,  that  had  had  command  at  St.  (Jkiir's  defeat,  livt-d  tliere.  Buckiny;- 
ekir  was  the  villatre  chief.  The  Indians  arranged  a  game  of  foot-ball  for 
the  entertainment  of  the  distmginslied  party.  The  wxjmen  plaviHl  itgainst 
the  men.  The  nnm  were  not  to  touch  the  ball  with  tlioir  hands  but  were 
at  lit)erty  to  .shake  it  from  the  arms  of  a  squaw.  Tiieie  were  about  a 
hundred  engaged  on  earh  side.  The  game  lasted  over  an  liour  when  the 
women  won  and  were  given  the  })rize  tiankets. 

The  lawyers  and  ju.iges  that  attdided  the  general  court  at  Detroit 
usually  went  by  way  of  Cincinnati,  l)ayton,  Picpia,  Loramie,  St.  Marys, 
Ft.  Amanda  (the  Ottavv'a  towns),  Deiiance,  etc.  One  time  wlien  Hk-'V 
were  returning  from  Detroit,  they  came  to  Ft.  Amanda  ("tlie  Ottawa 
town  twelve  miles  north  of  St.  M-u-ys),  to  lind  that  Blue  Jacket  had  re- 
turned from  Cincinnati  with  a  large  qnardity  of  whi.-;ky  and  that  tJio 
Indians  were  on  a  liigh  fn^lic.  Beinir  jifraid  to  remnm  in  the  village,  they 
struck-  out  over  the;  swam].y  ])ath  fiu-  St.  Marys.  The  swales  were  swarm- 
ing with  gnats  and  mo.Mpiitoes.  Night  overtook  them  wJien  about  half 
way.  There  was  no  moon  an<l  the  forests  were  duns*;.  Thf^y  could  not 
keep  the  i)ath  noi"  see  to  avoid  quagmii'es.     They  waiKhcred  ali',)ut  all  niglit 


•»^  THE   t^HAWNEES, 

autl  arrived  at  St.  Marys  at  sunrise.  The  'i)arty  found  tho  town  occupied 
1>y  Cluirles  Murruy  and  his  s(iu;ul.  Tliey  bro;il< fasted  and  ])rooeeded  on 
tlieir  way  to  Cincinnati.  Tliey  luid  horses  witli  them  Ijec  uuse  Juihre  :\lur- 
ray  states  tiiat  he  expected  them  to  break  away  the  ni.uht  they  were  lost. 
'From  this  statement,  one  would  judge  that  they  had  to  U'ad  their  liorses. 

]7V'9.  WA-uiNcnoN  died  ieavinir  our  county  in  the  liands  of  the  Siuiw- 
noes  and  Wyandots.  He  hud  lived  to  plan  the  campaigns  tJiat  brou-ht 
the  red  men  of  our  wnld  west  under  subjection  and  to  see  the  Indians 
driven  from  aboixt  two-thirds  of  Ohio  but  not  includinf<  our  county. 

ISOO.  In  the  early  part  of  the  nineteentli  century  the  sontr,  "The 
Hills  of  Ohio"'  was  sung  by  nearly  all  the  immigrau*.s.' 

ISOO.  The  Northwest  Territory  was  divid(\l  into  tho  territories  of 
Ohio,  Indiana,  and  Illinois,  and  Auglai/.e  county  became  a  part  of  Ohio 
Territory. 

1802     Ohio  was  ore:ani/,ed  into  a  state. 

l^:02  (tK.vkhal  ilAiiiasux,  at  the  treaty  of  Vinconnes,  confirmf>d  th(^ 
treaty  of  Ft.  Mcintosh,  1  ;.>.'),  but  extends  the  boundary  from  Loramie  to 
Ft.  Recovery,  in  accordance  with  the  Oreenvillo  treaty. 

lfc;02  BLAfiaiooF,  our  famous  Shavrnee  chief,  visited  Washini.'t<)n 
and  Plnladelphia  and  carried  the  celebrated  letter  from  Thomas  Jelfer- 
son  to  tlio  Sliawnees. 

1805  Tkcumskh,  the  hhav/nee  chief,  entered  upon  tli"  f,'reat  work  he 
had  long-  contemplated.  At  this  date  he  was  thirty-eiglit  years  old.  lie 
wished  to  unite  all  the  Indian  triljos  aicainst  the  whites,  as  Pontiac  had 
dtiiie  in  ITt):*).  at  the  close  of  tho  French  and  Indian  war  when  the  French 
ceded  all  east  of  the  Mississip])i  to  the  English  and  left  tho  great  Aluon- 
quin  family  unprotected.  Two  years  of  useless  butchery,  of  diabolical 
atrocities,  was  all  that  came  of  Pontiac's  scheme  but  this  did  not  deter 
Tecumseh. 

Having  engaged  his  brother,  The  Prophet,  to  tissist  him,  he  stayed 
in  the  background  and  worked  secretly  through  his  b-rother.  Tecumseh 
had  the  reputation  of  a  brave  and  sagacious  warrior, — a  cool  headcxl.  uji- 
right,  wise,  and  elUcient  coun.selor, — just  the  man  to  carry  siich  a  wicki'd 
scheme  into  elf ect.  He  had  a  great  task  before  him.  He  was  to  unite 
the  warring  tribes  ;  to  force  the  Indian  customs  l)ack  to  barbarism  ;  to  lead 
the  India7is  through  superstition;  to  cause  his  brother,  the  ISiuiwnee 
Prophet,  to  dream  dreams  and  ])ecome  inspired  and  have  the  ]^ower  of 
life  and  death  placed  in  liis  hands;  and  to  cause  said  Prophet  to  Ix;  ap- 
pointed agent  for  preserving  the  lands  of  tho  Indians  that  he  might  re- 
store them  to  their  original  happy  conditions.  Furtlujr,  'l^he  Pro]jliet, 
was  to  spread  wild  fanaticism  among  the  tribes  ;  extend  his  fame  beyond 
tlie  Lakes,  acro.ss  the  plains,  and  beyond  the  ;Mississi])i)i ;  draw  pilgrims 
from  remote  tril)es  ;  and  linally  to  win  Tecumseh  to  his  wild  faitli  and 
send  him  to  persuade  the  t>hawn(!es,  Wyandots,  and  h^enecas  to  join  his 
Confederacy.  Tecumseh  was  to  command  tiie  tribes  on  tbe  Wabash,  pad- 
dle his  canoe  across  the  Mississippi,  carry  his  banner  among  the  (>recks 
and  C.herokees  of  the  south,  and  into  the  fro/.eu  roirions  of  tho  north.  All 
this  was  planned. and  ]Kirtly  elTix'ted  v.-ith  th(>  skill  of  a  Cromwell.  All 
this  scheming  was  done  in  Ohio  but  Tecumseh  was  not  sus])ected  urdil 
years  later.  The  "Annals  ot  tho  West"  states  that  Tecumseh  at  lirst  bad 
no  designs  against  the  United  State?  in  forming  his  (^)nfederacy.  It 
seems  that  ambition  was  his  ruling  piis.sion  jiud  that  it  was  envy  tluit 


caused  him  to  imirdei-  many  »roat  chiefs  throncrh  liis  hrother  on  the  pre- 
tense of  witclicraft.  Amlntion  iias  cruslied  the  nianliood  of  f^reatisr 
minds  than  Tecmnseh's  and  erected  on  the  ruins  iniposters,  murderei-s, 
and  assassins.  It  may  x^Pi'i^di  in  the  primeval  forest,  in  the  wigwam,  in 
the  hut,  in  the  mansion,  in  the  palace,  or  oven  on  the  throne,  and  swoop 
down  and  hury  its  pitiless  talons  and  heak  in  unsusijeetinu'  innocence. 

Althousli  Teciunseh  at  his  best  was  always  a  savage,  those  who 
knew  him  felt  that  within  him  lay  a  restrained  nobleness.  Though  his 
Jititred  for  the  whites  was  such  that  the  sij^ht  of  a  pale  face  made  his  face 
crec]) ;  yet  he  fell  in  love  witli  a  white  woman  and  tried  to  hire  her  to 
marry  him  ;  though  he  put  to  death  many  for  witchcraft,  lie  did  not  favor 
hurmnii  prisoners,  and  captive  women  and  children  were  safe  in  his 
keeiiing.  If  from  one  view  he  be  an  i^-noble,  remorseless  savage,  froin 
another  he  was  a  great  orator,  patriot,  and  statesman.  If  in  one.  word  he 
was  a  Nero,  in  another  he  was  a  Cro7nw(^ll ;  if  he  was  cowai'dly  enough 
to  play  tlie  disguised  as.-.assin  through  his  heartless  brother,  he  was 
brave  enough  to  be  in  every  Western  Indian  battle  against  the  United 
States  up  to  Wayne's  Victory  and  to  die  fighting  against  us  in  the  War  of 
1812.  As  badly  as  he  des]nse<;l  the  Americans,  he  hated  cruelty  to  prison- 
ers worse.  If  he  was  Ohio's  worst  Indian,  he  w-as  her  most  famous  one. 
If  he  failed  to  f.:>rm  a  Confederacy  th-i,t  would  drivv^  the  whites  back  S':.n{-li 
of  the  Ohio  and  to  restore  to  the  Indians  tVieir  lost  homes,  the  etforts  of 
many  a  civilized  warrior  to  drive  off  an  invader  have  met  the  s<Lme  fare. 
If  ho  fled  from  the  field  in  his  first  battle,  it  was  because  of  his  horror  for 
th(^  cnielty  of  the  vrhites  :  it  must  he  remembered  that  our  first  pioneeis, 
at  their  worst,  were  savages  also. 

In  ISO,")  the  Tawa  Shav\'nees,  at  the'  source  of  the  Auglaize,  invited 
Tecumseh  to  visit  them.  He  started  but  met  his  hrother.  The  Prophet, 
at  (-Jreenvillp  and  stoii])ed  there  to  lay  the  plans  for  his  Oonfederaey. 

In  ISO.")  The  Pi*ophet  addressed  an  assemf)ly  at  Wapiakoneta.  He  said 
to  them  that  he  could  not  be  a  sourcerer  or  i7n]iostor  but  tliat  he  was  a 
preacher  and  ])rophet  and  that  he  had  come  on  a  mission  to  declare  .some 
of  his  tenots  that  he  had  received  from  the  Great  Spirit.  He  told  them 
lie  had  visited  the  cloud-^  and  entered  the  dwelling  place  of  the  devil 
where  he  had  seen  all  whi->  had  died  drunkards,  with  thanes  issniiig  from 
their  mouths.  He  denouncod  drunkenness  and  many  other  evils  and 
closed  by  assuring  them  that  tlie  (-Jreat  y]>irit  had  given  him  power  to 
confound  his  eneniies.  to  cure  diseases,  aiul  to  prevent,  dentil.  Such  talk 
was  inclini-d  to  impress  the  Indiaiis.  No  doul)t  th(;  same  language  was 
used  with  many  tribes.  Do  you  .'^ee  that  he  is  ])re})aring  to  control  the 
Indians  through  supt^rstition?  Tliis  was  the  first  stej)  in  Ti-cnmseli's 
])lan  for  forming  Iiis  Oonfederacy.  The  Prophet  was  ambitious,  crnol, 
heartls'ss,  ficTidisli  and  soiuotimes  burnt  his  victims  for  witchcraft.  Wi* 
ought  not  to  be  surprised  that  these?  ignorant  Indians  believed  in  witcli- 
cnift  v.-hen  we  rememl)er  that  in  (Tormany  alone,  within  one-half  of  1  he 
sixteenth  century,  a  hundred  thousand  ])ersons  ]u»rished  in  the  flames  for 
this  strange  iUusion.  Tlie  British  found  Ixim  worth  corrupting  ;ind  ac-tcd 
aecordiiu'ly. 

Tecumseh  had  the  reputation  of  Ixnncr  the  trreatcst  hunter  of  the 
ShcLwnee  nation.  In  17'.)5  he  brought  into  IJrbana  thirty  deer-slcins  at  the 
clo.^c  of  a  three-day  hunt.  It  is  dc^ubtful  if  either  he  or  his  brother  ever 
lived  at  Wapakont-ta  for  any  very  great  lengtli  of  time;  hut  they  have 


^'6  '  TnE   ^)HA^VNF.E^. 

both  boon  iit  that  -[ilace.  Probubl.v  thoy  were  too  active  to  live  at  any 
ono  place  very  long  at  a  time.  William  Tocmnseh  iSherinan,  one  of 
Ohio's  most  heroic  sons,  was  Tecumseh's  namesake. 

Stop,  stranger  !  there  Tccumseh  lies  ;  y^i/p-^^^    - 

Behold  the  lowly  resting  place  y'^''-      ■  'f^ 


/       '^IV 


■:%^ 


Ol  all  that  of  the  hero  dies 

The  Caesar — Tally — of  his  race  ; 
Wliose  arras  of  strength  and  iiery  tongue 

Have  won  him  an  immortal  name  ^  \  v 

And  from  the  mouths  of  millions  wrung  /'  '  ^.-^-i' 

Reluctant  tribute  to  his  fame.  /.    .  -  .   i"-^].!:  | 

For  oh,  if  God  to  man  has  giv(m  '                                 •■   ■V'O'.:  I 

From  his  bright  home  beyond  the  skies 

One  feeling  that's  akin  to  heaven,  ^'h^-'  T 

'Tis  he  who  for  his  country  dies.  V-:^"                                         (  \ 

vVliile  heave  yon  high  hills  to  the  sky.  ^                                           ^'  i 

While  rolls  yon  dark  and  turl)id  river,  V,..      ,,.7v--.,.- . . .        ■  ;,          ;>  ? 

Thy  fame  and  name  can  never  die —                  ^'^''''^' ^^^^^'^ '  '' ' ■■^U^\ii^  i 

Whom  freedom  loves  will  live  forever.                      tixlmskh.  • 
—Fivu  Clni. ■■!',■  A.  Jn,ns'  TLCIMSEH.         i^'iUf.i  :u  o.o  ivooe  ..f  the 

1  haiiifs,  1  isl.j. 

ISOr.     At  TiiE  CouxrrL  ok  Spuixgfikld,  Tecumsoh  revealed  his  plan  ; 

to  form  a  Confederacy  by  meeting  the  men  with  rash  defiance.     He  now  ^ 
made  use  of  The  Pro])het's  fame  and  went  to  work  in  earnest,    and  was 
sns}iected  by  the  United  f^tates  from  this  time  on. 

lvS074t     England  began  to  search  our  vessels  and  we  l)egan  to  object.  | 

In  turn,  she  commenced  to  urge  the  Indians  to  attack  our  frontiersmen.  | 

Hhe  further  told  the  Indians  that  they  owned  all  tiio  lands  north  of  the  \ 

(freenvillo   Treaty   Line.     All   tliis   pleased  Tecumseh  and  The  Prophet  f- 

who  were  strengthening  their  forces  all  the  time.     True,  the  Indians   did  I 

own  all  the  area  north  of  the   (Greenville  Treaty  Line,  but   that   territory  | 

W!is  within  the  boundary  of  the  LTnited  Stiites  ;  that  is,  the  Indians  could  ( 

not  dispose  of  their  territory  to  any  country  exce])t  the  LTnited  IStates.  I 

1S09.     TiiK  Wyandots  an'd  Skxkoas  were  visited   by  Tecu7nseh   but  | 

they  refused  to  join  him  in  his  Confederacy.     The  chief,  Crane,  said  : — "I  ^ 

fear  Tecumseh  is  working  no  good  at  Tii)!)icanoo  and  prefer  to  wait  a  few  | 

years''.  | 

1S09.     At  trf,  Tijeaty  ok  Fort  Wayne  the  Indians  sold  more  lands  I 

to  the  Ignited   States.     This  aroused  Tecumsoh   more   than   ever.     Our  } 

Shawnees  also  denounced  this  sale  as  unjust.  c 

1810.     Tfie  SiiAWXKE  Pnoi'irp'.T  told  the  Indians  to  nnirder  the  princi-  k 

pal  f)ld  chiefs  and  stop  this  sale  of  lands.     The  Sacs  and  Foxes  were  ready  | 

to  strike  whenever  The  Proi)het  shoidd  give  the  word.     So  were  7nany  i 
other  tribes.     The  l-'rophet  had  fought  Wayne  in  IT'Jl  and  had  been  de- 
featetl  ;  so  he  had  Ix-ini  smothering  his  wratli  ever  since.     Remember  that 

tlie  English  are  urging  the  Indians  on  all  the  time,  aiid  that  the  Indians  * 

continued  to  attack  the  early  settlers.     Up  to  this  ])ei-iod.  Tt^cumseh  h;id  ^ 
been  telling  Harrison  that  he  was  trying  to  unite  the  Indians  in  order  to 
assist  the  I'nitcd  States  against  England.     But  on  this  date,  Tlie  Pro])h- 
et  was  im])rudent  and  iKKisted  that  lie  intondi'd  to  form  a  great   Indian 
Confederacy  and  crush  the  whites  ;  that  he  would  follow  in  the  footstei)S 


TnF    SnAWNF.KS.  •>' 

of  Pontiac.     So,  everybody  knew  tlio  desif^'ns  of  Tecumseh  by  this  time. 

1810.  Ti-.rrMSKii'caine  to  Wunakoneta  1<^  induce  the  Sluiwnees  to  join 
his  Confederacy,  (^nr  nol)le  ')]d  Slla^^•nee  chief,  Blackhoof,  Ihitly  refused 
to  let  the  tSbawnees  join  in  tlie  consjnracy  of  Tecumseh  even  if  he  were  a 
irihawnec  by  birth.  He  attached  some  importance  to  the  treaty  he  had 
made  at  Greenville  in  I7*.'r;.  In  the  meantime,  The  Prophet  had  refu.sed 
to  accept  the  annual  payment  from  our  t^ovenmient  and.  s-oon  after  this. 
Boi'/cd  soine  iroods  belon<rini;  to  tlie  United  »states.  He  did  both  while  Te- 
cum.seb  was  absent  from  Tippecanoe. 

1810.  At  Vin-cknnf.s.  Teeumych  came  with  forty  warriors  to  meet 
Governor  Harrison.  He  became  very  anyry,  told  Harrison  tbat  the  In- 
dians owned  all  nortli  of  the  Ojiio,  demanded  that  certain  lands  be  ceded 


m 


NOT  AN  UNCOMMON  OCCUURENCE 


back  to  the  Indians,  recited  all  tho  wronss  done  the  red  men,  and  came  very 
near  makiti-  an  attack  on  tho  Governor.  He  said,  "The  sun  i.^niy  father 
and  the  earth  mv  mother  and  I  will  rechuo  itpon  her  bosom  ^.  He  wa^ 
sur»ported  bv  tlie  followins:  chiefs  of  his  Confederacy :— A  Ktckapoo,  a 
Pottawattomie,  a  Winneba-o,  and  a  Miami— probably  Blue  Jacket .  \v  luie 
our  Shawnees,  the  Wvandots,  and  the  Benecas  reiused  to  join  his  Con- 
federacy, the  Miamis  cast  tlieir  fate  with  him.  These  united  tribes  said 
that  Tecumseh  had  been  appointed  their  leader.     The  council  closed. 

ISll  AtTipi'KCanov:,  Ini^iana.  Genei-al  Harri.'^on  had  notiiied  tho 
government  of  the  acti.ms  of  Tecum.seh,  received  reinforcements  arid 
now^  sot  out  for  Tippecanoe,  the  town  of  The  Pro])het  on  tho  ^\  abash 
\Slien  near  that  place,  The  Prophet  agreed  to  meet  Harj-ison  tiie  next 
day  and  pointed  out  a  nice  elevated  place  on  whi(>h  tlie  army  mi^'iit 
camp  for  the   night.     Our   army   was  attacked  by  the  Indians  tho  next 


0>  THK   sn.VWXFKS. 

morniug  Ijoforo  daylight.  There  Axn-o  about  seven  hundred  encticed  on 
each  side.  After  a  stahborn  battle^  General  Harrison  drove  tlie  Indians 
back  info  the  buslies. 

Tecuniseh  vv'as  absent  ajnon^r  the  southern  Indians  trying  to  tjet  them 
to  join  liis  Confederacy.  When  he  returned  and  saw  tlie  result  of  tlu^ 
battle,  lie  seized  The  Prophet  by  the  liair  and  shook  him  violenrlv  and 
threatened  to  take  his  hfe  because  of  the  defeat,  that  liad  been  suiVered. 
Ho  had  told  The  Prt)phet  not  to  attack  Harrison  in  his  absence. 

1811.  Tecumseh  again  met  (rieneral  Harrison  in  council  at  Vincennes 
■with  tliree  hundred  warriors  after  havinix  agreed  to  brini^  l)ut  few.  He 
was  very  insolent  and  told  Harrison  that  he  was  unitiu;-C  all  the  tribes 
against  tJie  I'nited  States.  A  band  of  Shawjiees  was  with  Tecumsnh's 
Indians  ut  Ti])pecanoe,  althoutrh  most,  of  tliat  tribe  had  refused  to  join 
him,  and  a  Miami  chief  was  with  him  at  Vincennes.  About  this  Xuno 
he  concluded  that  his  Confederacy  was  ruined  and,  with  The  Pi'0])lu>t,  left 
for  Canada  to  join  the  British  with  his  teiritile  band  of  Shawnee  followers. 

Tliese  battles  concern  our  county  becaiise  so  near,  because  most  of 
our  Shawnees  refused  to  join  Tecumseh,  because  they  show  the  active 
operations  that  were  going  on  here  just  i)revious  to  the  War  of  l>;i"J, 
becaitse  the  efforts  of  the  English  to  incite  The  Indians  against  us  took 
place  right  in  our  county  in  i>'irt  'altbouu'h  we  read  of  tins  in  bi'^iovv 
and  place  the  scene  lu  some  remote  phieei,  and  because  (Toneral  Harri- 
>->on  is  soon  to  make  his  headquarters  at  St.  Marys. 

1812.  War  op  1812.  I]nglaud  and  the  United  States  became  more 
and  more  hostile.  Finally  the  United  States  determined  to  invade  Canada 
and  war  was  declared.  It  took  thirteen  days  for  the  message  to  be  car- 
ried from  Washington  to  Detroit.  In  this  war,  our  shi]is  did  great  work 
on  the  sea  but  it  was  not  so  easy  to  conquer  Canada.  Tecumseh  and  The 
Prophet  who  had  both  joined  the  English,  tried  to  induce  oitr  Shawn»^es 
to  join  them  but  again  failed,  through  the  opposition  of  Blackh')of,  our 
Shawnee  chief,  who  o])posed  the  war. 

May,     General  Hull  assembled  regulars  and  volunteers  to  the  num- 
0„^ff^     ■  -jj ■     ^_..\.rj'rujr^.j  ber    of    iy,50    at   Dayton    and 

/;^„-<?.>  marched  to  Detroit.  Tlie  armv 


_':^- ""' '•^.^^jf^r^^^^  -=^^1^      ])assed    through   the    counties 

^0''..s<f'' -"-^  ■■■'"    "'^V'"  -"^  bordering  Auglaize  on  the  east. 

i\r-'i^i^^         >*f>fe&ii,         -*T^^fc  Tlie  swainps  were  almost  Un- 


^'-.> '\~-Vt  ■    *■  —-r^        '•:'^^,/^^i^  passible  and  he  did  not  reach 

^^r^:^f^'''  .;     ■'•■"      •')...-^,       Detroit    until    July    5th.     In- 

/ '''■bs^.'v  'C-i-  '  ^'^"-i^3>    ^^^''^^   of  attacking  the  enemy, 

i,i'-'^%-yf'y-.  ^.'  ^-.y^I?^     lie    delayed   until   the   British 

j;-  .   :     r^';;     .•  .    "^'^^.^  were    re-enforced.     When    he 

^:'  "^"^iT^^^P    was  about   to   be   attacked,  he 

W" .' \  ■■■r^^^   surrendered    our  whole  armv. 

--V'^^^  ,   .  >     --^tS^^^?^     ■1''**^'     ^■^^^■■'    cowardice    he    was 

^-€^X^^  •-■    ..'^iT^r     yO    coitrt  raartialed  and  sentenced 

'^^^■-^vvl^i;^^.;  -,,  f.^:,,.:.;^;'^^^  ,>'"    to  be  slujt  Init  was   afterward 

'^'^'!^'~^~-'^:y^^S%;y^^^^^  ])ardoned.     Some  writ<'rs  find 

^  "'■  : '-™   -~    -  '  •  an  excu.so   for   Hull's   actions. 

FLi;j:ixf;  iKon  Ti!K  INDIANS.  jsi-j.     .]ui.Y   12.      Ar(vr,\i/K 

Coux'j'V,  indeed  the  whole  of  Ohio  and  all  of  th(i  Northwest  Territory  ])a«s- 
ed  again  under  the  control  of  Great  Britain.     The  pioni^ers  were  trembliu-j^ 


THK    !=^I{AAVN-KFR. 


5y 


in  fear  at  thoueht  of  the  atrooitios  that  would  he  inliiotod  hy  Teoinnseh 
who  \vasi)laiininira  raid  through  our  Northwest.  Tlie  I'nited"  States  was 
thoroughly  aroused  by  Hull's  eapture.  %vas  ready  to  laniisli  a  largo  arinv, 
hut  ^Yhere  could  they  find  a  general  that  could  bo  pitted  against  boih 
Indians  and  British:  He  was  found  in  (-reneral  Harrison,  the  liero  of 
Tippecanoe,  asll)  and  ten  thousand  volunteers  were  eager  to  serve 
under  hini. 

Skpt.  .^.  General  Harrison  came  to  St.  Marys  on  his  way  from  Piqua 
to  Detroit  and  established  headquarters  here  for  a  short  time.  Col.  Allen 
had  jnsr  built  s. '!n<-  liloek-houses  liore  for  the  security  of  ]irovisions  and 
for  the  protection  of  the  sick.  The  block-houses  were  locattxl  just  novih 
of  the  First  Xati'nial  Bank. 

]Maj<jr  .Tuhnsr.n  ioined  Harrison  here  on  this  date  mtiking  the  number 
of     soldiers     at     this     station     two    thousand 
T  strong.     The  army   was   put   on   half   rations 
and  started  for  Ft!  Wayne  :  but  those  that  did 
not  like  sucli  fare  were  7)ermitted   to   remam 
at    the    block-houses.      The    men    refused    to 
move  unless  tliey  were  a.ssured  of  getting  pay 
for  the  use  of  their  horses  and  for  the  horses 
also   if   t'lcy  should  die  or  be  V^<^ .     Harri--'in 
promised  pay  lor  the  use  but  not  for.  the  loss 
and     su])]>osed     the     soldiers     were    satisfied. 
They   still   complained.        Harrison     mounted 
the  satne   log   from   which   ho   had   addres.-^ed 
them    before,    lined    tliem   up  before  him  and 
said  :  '"You  want  to  be  assured  of  ]»ay  for  your 
horses  should  they  be  lost ;  now  all  who  prefer 
a  worthless  pony  to  the  perforTuance  of  duty 
gi;ni:i|.\l  ^Avn.LiAM  hkx-  to  their  country,  march  otf ,  as  I  do  not  waiit 
Has  His  Htu.i'inarter*  at  St.  ^^^ch  mcu " .     Nono  left  but  somc  continued  to 
•^'•"■>"'-  sow  th(»  seed  of  discord-  and  bv  tlie  time  Col- 

onel Trimble   had 'readied  Ft.    Wayne,    he    reported   to   Harrison   that 
nearly  half  of  his  men  had  left  him. 

General  Harrison  had  been  ortiered  To  drive  the  hostile  Indians  froTu 
this  territory,  to  re-take  ^Michigan,  and  to  invade  Canada.  He  erected 
several  forts  thrt^nirh  here  as  we  shall  learn.  A  line  drawn  from  St.. 
i^hirys  to  Upper  Sciridusky  was  liis  base  hue  of  su])plies  in  this  cam])aign. 
])uring  tlds  year  and  the  next.  St.  Marys  was  an  im])ortant  depot  of 
s\ipplies.  It  was  from  here  that  ]n-ovisio)is  and  munitions  of  war  were 
forwarded  to  Deiiance  and  Ft.  Wayne.  Those  that  went,  to  Ft.  Wayne  were 
sent  down  the  St.  Marys  ;  some  of  those  intended  for  Deiiance  were  sent  down 
tJie  St.  Marvs  ai\d  Maumoe  to  Defiance,  wddle  a  part  was  carried  across  to 
Ft.  Amanda  and  fioatcd  down  the  Auglaize.  St.  Marys  was  a  point  of  im- 
portant military  operations,  a.s  troo])s  were  concentrated  there  aiid  organ- 
i/A-d  in  i)reparation  for  the  northern  cam]>aigns.  What  a  busy  ])lace  it 
nnist  hav3  lx>en.  Do  not  think  that,  eve-'-ything  ran  smoothly  :'tho  army 
Was  oomplaininir.  deserters  vrere  common,  rations  were  .scarce,  the 
rains  wei-e  frequent  and  heavy,  and  the  roads  were  almost  im]iassal)k;. 

(■Jeneral  Harrison  says  :  "The  best  groxind  for  road.^  is  along  tlie  wa- 
ter courses.  The  coiantry  i.s  almost  a  continuous  swanip  to  the  lakes.  Jt 
is  almost  impo.ssible  to  get  through  the  Black  Swamp  (and  that  begins  in 
our  county  and  extends  to  Lake  Eric). 


^'0  THK    PnAWXFF.S.  * 

"The  TOiid  froiii  Loramie  to  J<t.  Marys  and  thonco  to  Dofiance  is  al-  t 
most  one  continuous  swttinp— kneo-(le<'i)  to  the  ])aek-liorsos,  and  uj)  to  llie  f 
huhs  of  the  wa.ti'on.  Wo  are  oft^^u  unable  to  p>t  the  eni])t.v  wairons  alon?  i 
and  many  are  lett  sticking  in  the  mire  and  ravines,  the  wagoner  being  t, 
glad  to  get  otf  with  his  horses  ah ve."  | 

^Yagous  were  often  one  month  in  sToin<;  07ie  hundred  aiitl  five  niiles, 
from  Cincinnati  to  Loran^ie  ;  and  two  weeks  m  going  twelve  miles,   from        [ 
Ix)ramie  to  vSt.  Marys.     In   one   instance   two   tean>s   with   forage   from       ^ 
Piqua  to  vSt.  Marys,  thirty  miles,  ate  it  all  ])ut  six  bushels  while  on  the       I 
way.  I 

By  this  time  Indian  hostilities  had  begun  in  earnest  between  the  <  )lno        . 
river  and  Lake  Erie.     The  British  had  hired  the  Shawnee  Vv-arriors— Te-       *■ 
cumL-eh  iind  TIk?  Prophet— :ind  th.o  noted  renecrades — Simon  (4irtv.  James       t 
Girty,  and  the  McKees — all  men  of  powerful  mlluence  most,  and  of  whom        i  i 
luid  lived  in  our  county,  to  stir  up  Indian  hostilities.     We  trust  that  the 
reader  will  not  place  the  held  of  action  for  this  gi-eat  war  entirely  in  dis- 
tant  lands,  but  tluit  he  mav  see  that  Auglaize   county    was   one  great 
center. 

Sept.  21.  General  Harrison,  at  Ft.  Wayne,  directed  that  tlie  follow- 
ing supplies  be  sent  from  St.  Zviarvs  : — Rations  ;  flour,  IT)!). 000  ;  com]ilete  v| 
ratioTiS,  ;>j'\000  ;  and  that  :he  7!i.-ri!i-;  of  transportation  lie  hired  wH<'-ons  - -^ 
and  three  hundred  to  lou.r  liundred  pack-horses.  (This  nuiy  have  l.tcen  ?- . 
"to"  St.  Marys  instead  of  "from"  that  place.)  |J 

Skpt.  21.  Colonel  Jennings  writ«js  it  has  become  necessary  to  open  a  ^ 
road  throu'.rh  the  woods  from  St.  Marys  to  Defiance  and  says  he  has  twt)  |^ 
hundred  jwck  horses  and  three  hundred  bullocks. 

Oct.  4.  General  Harrison  came  to  St.  Marys  the  latter  ])art  of  Sep- 
tember and  left  on  October  -Ith  for  his  headciuarters  on  the  Scioto,  lie 
laid  plans  for  taking  Michigan  and  made  three  divisions  of  his  troo])s. 
The  ieiL  wing  assembled  at  St.  Marys  and  wintered  at  Defiance.  His 
plan  failed  ;  partly  because  this  left  vring  was  worn  out  and  half  sfjirvi-d. 
Disease  was  ])re.valent,  the  rains  heavy  in  the  fall,  and  ice  thick  in  winter. 

The  rations  at  St.  Mar;s's  on  this  date  were  as  loilows  : — 
Flour  and  whiskey,  oOO.OOO. 
Biscuit  and  bacon,  15,000  to  20,000. 
Beeves  just  ordered  to  St.  Marys  from  Hamilton.  200. 

The  provisions  were  to  be  ttikeu  to  Defiance  by  wety  of  Fort  Amanda 
and  Colonels  Jennings  and  Barbee  were  ordered  to  escort  the  .•^ume. 

Oct.  22.  A.t  vSt.  Marys,  Ft.  Amanda,  and  Defiance,  many  boats  and 
sleds  were  made  in  order  to  take  advantage  of  tlie  rise  of  water  or  the  fall 
of  snow,  as  the  case  mi^ht  be.  You  will  remember  that  Lake  F.rie  may 
]ye  reached  by  floating  down  the  St.  Marys  to  Ft.  Wayne  and  then  down 
IheMaumee  through  Doliuuco  and  Maurneo  City  to  the  lake. 

Nov>;MBF.f; — 2i>  NVkkk.  There  was  mu""*!!  rain.  The  boats  and  dug- 
outs at  St.  Man.'s  were  ready  to  take  advantage  of  the  high  water. 

Df.c.  1st.  Two  hundred  barrels  of  flcur  were  start^nl  down  the  St. 
Marys  from  the  town  by  the  same  name  for  the  army  at  Defiance.  <.)f 
course  the  su])plies  were  to  go  by  way  of  Ft.  ^Vayne.  T!ie  twenty  dug- 
outs and  canoes  were  coudu(.'ted  by  twenty  nien  and  three  ollicers.  Jc 
look  ono  week  to  reacli  llockford  wliich  is  less  than  twenty  miles  from 
St.  Marys  by  straight  line ;  yet  one  author  states  it  is  over  one  hundred 
miles  by  the  crooked  St.  Marys.     The  river  was  naiTOW,  crooked,  full  of 


TRK   sn.WVNFKS.  T.l 

logs,  and  obstructed  by  overhaiigins!;  trees.    The  weather  became  cold  iviid 

the  boats  -were  fro/.en  iip  at  Rocki'ord,  and  one  oi'  the  ol'iictn's  was  sent 
liuck  to  St.  Marys  to  rejiort.  He  retiu'ued  to  the  Hour  and  "iVered  the 
men  better  pay  it  they  would  cut  their  way  throui<h  the  ice.  Thijy  tried, 
Tuade  a  mile  in  two  days,  tind  gave  it  up.  The  men  lei't  but  stationed  a 
party  t')  x^iard  the  riour.  Just  l.tei'ore  Christnias  a  thaw  enaljlfd  the  dour 
to  reac}i  a  p.int  near  Ft.  Wayne  where  it  was  ay,ain  trozen  up.  The  men 
luiilt  sleds  find  hauled  it  to  tlie  fort  and  gave  uj)  the  etlort.  So  far  as  th(^ 
writer  has  learned,  the  flour  never  went  any  further. 

lNi:i  FoTiT  Bahhk?;  whs  erected  at  St.  Marvs.  south-east  of  towii  in 
what  is  now  the  Lutheran  cemetery.  People  yet  living  n^memher  seeing 
])arts  of  the  old  stockade.  General  Harrison  ordered  it  built  as  a  defense 
for  the  larae  strx^k  of  ))rovisions  and  munitions  of  war  that  were  ke])t 
there  for  distribution  to  the  fores  and  army  to  the  north.  St.  Marys  be- 
ins  a  point  of  concentration  for  the  ditferont  detachments  of  the  armv,  it 
was  also  built  for  their  defense  and  comfort.  The  whites^  were  drawn 
into  various  skirmishes  with  the  Indians  but  were  generally  succ^-ssiul. 
Seveitil  cannon-balls  six  inches  in  diameter  have  been  picked  up  here  and 
some  three  inches  in  diameter  have  been  cut  out  of  trees. 

Mr.  Samuel  Scott  says  the  stockade  included  a  nnich  greater  area  than 
the  i^riseur  e-^'i-.-t^^TV  V.-.  -r  *hiies.  it  v.'-.ss  ncr^e.^^-jivv  t'^  act^'.nmiodatf 
thousands  of  soldiers!  He  also  says  that  tliis  block-]lou^e  was  construct- 
ed of  round  logs  and  poorly  built.  Although  there  were  springs  near, 
lK^o])le  now  reinember  seemg  an  abandoned  well  on  the  river  bank  just  to 
the  north. 

Harrison  also  biiilt  a  block-house  just  north  of  the  First  National 
Bank.  This  was  of  hewed  logs  and  was  well  built  and  lasted  many  years. 
When  children,  several  people  now  living  in  St.  Marys  played  in  this 
block-house  The  garri-'^n  used  the  .'spring  back  of  Mr.  Pauck's  dv%-elling 
also  the  one  at  the  fountain. 

Near  such  tradinn;  posts  and  forts,  questionable  characters  and 
half-breeds  usually  had  a  settlement  known  as  "Squaw  Town."  There 
was  such  a  \)\uve.  on  the  south  side  of  the  Reservoir  branch  just  south    of 

St.  Marys,  ,     .,^ 

1813.     Fort  Amaxua  was  bunt 

^^-^^       .  -:;;^:^-7-  ,.:  1.3;^-  iti  northern  Auglaize   county  on 

."  :  -■-  the  Auglaize  by   Colonel  Poague 

•  of   Gen.    Harrison's  army.     The 

'     ■"'.'•  fort  was  four  ^^ided   witli  ]>ickets 

!  •  '  .    '.  eleven    feet  hi:i;h,    with  a  block- 

*'  ~^^r^^.  ■  _-,     ,«;'-  liouse  at  each  corner,  and  with  a 

^      -  •  rr'Hf^"  -?.r:'i3,  store-house  in    the    center    near 

'■     ■^!:^  which  was  a  well.    The  writer  has 
^.  '"~--./I-  often    seen    the   de]>re.-sion    and 

ij:,;^^  ,-}r- .'  -  -^  stone  wall  that  mark  the  location 

i;^5St  .  ./^■^;;'-'  ■.:'-*   of  the  well :  also  one  of  tlie  block- 

■  *  '..<■  ■  ■-'■''■■:  -'': :->-''^-:^^y  :^y^^  v;(ri^'^^-'^!:---"~    houses  that  has  b^en  removed  and 

now  serves  a.s  a  sheep-shed  on   a 

i    ''!:';Tir**n,'.''  \h,.v.-   lu    \„- neighboring  farm.     Tlie  lort  was 

Ki:»i/>- t:<.(.iii.>.  well  built  and  remanmd  in  i;<j(ul 

conditionloni;;nf*'='r  tiip  war.   The  ])ickets  stood  three  feet  in  the   urrimnd. 

Tlie  second  st^uv  ..*;.  vIm  block-houses  i)rojected  over  the  lii-st  three  or  four 


O'^  TRK    SITAWNFFS. 

feet  and  ^vas  ])ierced  with  port  holes.  The  first  story  was  used  hy 
some  soldiers  and  a  coiiipany  of  oHicers  as  sleeping;  rootns.  Tlie  hlock- 
house  in  the  south-east  corner  v;as  the  lar^xest  and  used  mainly 
as  otUeers'  quarters.  Col.  Jenniniifs  says  a  larire  sized  hloek-liouse  is 
twenty-five  feet  square  in  the  lower  story.  The  large  store-house  and 
well  in  the  center  were  certainly  needed  Vjecause  the  army  wintered  there 
one  or  two  seasons.  Later,  it  was  used  as  one  of  the  hrst  postolhces  ui 
the  county  and  one  of  the  first  churciies.  There  were  openings  in  tlie 
projections  of  the  upper  floo7-  of  a  hloek-house,  through  which  those  per- 
sons in  the  upixn-  story  could  fire  on  tliose  tryinu-  to  enter  tlie  lower  storv. 

Fort  Amanda  was  an  intermediate  store  house  Ix'twecn  St.  Marvs, 
Urbana.  and  U])per  Sandusky  on  one  side,  and  Ft.  Wayne  and  Defiance 
on  the  other.  A  large  sliip  yard  was  located  there  in  l^V)  fen- huildimr 
flat  bouts  and  .scows  for  the  navigation  of  the  liisroric  Auglai/e,  also  for 
u.se  on  the  Maumee.  The  river  was  much  larger  tlien  than  now  and  could 
float  good  sized  boats.  Harrison  must  have  looked  upon  this  fort  as  one 
of  Itis  niost  important  in  connection  with  his  advance  u])on  Canada. 

A  national  cemetery  was  established  at  this  place.  St;venty-tive 
soldiers  of  the  ^Var  of  1S12  lie  buried  there  and  the  government,  has 
recentlv  erected  tombstones  svt  their  graves,  largely  through  the  etVorts  of 
Prof.  C.  W.  Williu^n^'vi. 

Itis  stated  that  Colonel  Jeunums  completed  this  f<-)ri  and  tluit  his 
troops  named  it  Fort  Jennings  ;  but  it  seems  that  Fort  .icnnings  was 
further  north. 

Francis  Duchouquet,  a  Frenchman,  was  one  of  the  first  white  men 
that  lived  at  this  point.  He  was  an  interpreter  to  the  Indians.  He  was 
kind  and  highly  esteemed  by  all  who  knew  him.  We  have  a  townshi]> 
named  after  him.  He  was  present  at  the  burning  of  Crawford  and  tru-d 
to  Siive  his  life. 

Fort  Amanda  withstood  the  most  vi.)lent  attacks  of  the  Indians.  Our 
friendly  Shawnes  leaders— -Blackhoof,  Blue  Jacket,  and  Brighthorn— wen; 
often  at  tlie  fort.  The  soldiers  stationed  at  this  fort  could  do  but  little 
when  the  roads  were  bad.  The  section  of  land  given  Logan  is  locateii 
here  and  known  as  Logan  section.  Some  writers  give  1S12  as  the  date 
for  Forts  Barbee  and  Amanda. 

J  si;'..  Jan.  ;,^'i.  Tni-:  Battlk  op-  tiik  PavEU  Raisin  was  fought  on 
this  date.  Hull  had  surrendered  our  army  as  stated  liefore,  and  (ioneral 
Harrison  succeeded  him,  and  will  now  try  to  regain  wha,t  Hull  bjst  at  Ite- 
troit.  The  roads  around  Fort  Amanda  were  so  bad  tbat  the  ■•irmy  could 
not  move,  so  Harri.son  oi-deroil  an  attack  without  their  hell).  'i'li<5  English 
and  Iiidians  under  Proctor  and  the  Chiefs  Roundhead  and  Splitlog  routed 
Harrison's  advance  iruard  and  ca])tured  7nany.  The  next  morning  tlu; 
prisoners  were  dragged  into  the  street  one  by  one  and  the  Indians  ])ermit- 
ted  to  kill  them  in  the  most  horrible  maimer.  Some  were  liauled  aliv<; 
into  the  flame.s  of  burning  houses,  some  were  toniahav/ked  and  scalped, 
and  some  were  flayed  alive  while  running  the  gauntlet.  Proctor,  the 
Knglish  general,  stood  by  watcliing  the  Tuassacre  when  Tecumseh  rode  up 
and  sprang  from  his  horse.  The  Indians  v^-ere  killing  i\.  v.iiite  ]nisoner. 
Tecumseh  eaught  one  of  the  Indians  ])y  t))e  throat  and  the  other  by  tlu? 
breast  and  threw  tliem  Ijotb  to  the  ground;  tlien.  drawinir  hi,<  knife  and 
hatchet,  and  running  ])etwe(<u  the  Indiansaxul  i>risoners,  he  brandished  bis 
weapons  wiidly  and  dared  the  attack  on  auoviiei-  i)risoner.     Maddened  'hy 


TUK    SVTAWNKES.  i!,'.'. 

the  barbarity,  ho  turned  to  Pror-tor  and  doniaiided  why  this  massacre  wus 
allowed.  Proi-tor  reuUed  :  "iSir,  your  Indians  can  not  lio  coinnumded". 
Tecuniseh  retorted  :  "Bep-one  I  Yon  are  not  lit  to  coniTntind  ;  sjo.  you  are 
not  a  man".  Which  of  the  two  i^enerals  was  the  barbarian"?  When  you 
'•Remember  the  Raisin"also  remembei-  that  it  wa."  ei«:ht  hxnidred  of  (-Jeiier- 
al  Harrison's  army  tliat  \vere  dei'eated  and  07ie  tliird  of  tlitMJi  killc!.l  or 
massacred ;  tliat  it  "was  Tcounisoh,  the  famous  JShawneo  chief,  that 
stop])ed  the  butchci-y,  and  that  if  the  roads  iiad  not  been  impassable  tlie 
army  at  Fort  Amanda  would  have  been  ])resent  and  probably  defeated 
the  British  and  Indians.  It  is  true,  liowover,  tliat  Tocumsoh's  savaire 
band — ])artly  Shawnees — were  as  desperate  and  fearless  characters  as  ever 
api)t'ared  in  battle.  It  may  be  true  that  no  one  but  a  Tecums(;li  could 
control  them . 

1813.  Feb.  11.  The  Heaiu^uakteks  of  (-ion.  Harrison  was  at  iSt. 
Marys.  He  had  also  made  this  bis  headijuarters  about  Sept.  8.  Ibl'i,  and 
at  other  times.  At  this  date,  way:on  roads  liad  been  cut  throui^'h  from 
Loramie  to  ISt.  Marys.  \Miere  he  followed  the  trace  of  Genenil  Wayne, 
he  found  that  he  had  to  make  new  roads  as  WavTie's  army  had  sim])ly 
cut  them  for  tem])orary  ]>urposes  a7\d  removed  as  tew  obstacles  as  \)os- 
sible.  You  may  now  understand  why  (Tcnei-al  Wayne's  trace  could  not 
i.u-  li.uind  in  a  I'^'W  years  afn-r  Jiis  arxay  had  p.issfjd  tlirrn^iSi'li  tlie  wo"ds. 

M.vRcn  IG.  Col.  Miller  was  ordered  t<')  ]n-oceed  from  C'hillicothe  to 
Fort  Amanda,  the  headwater.?  of  the  Auiclaize,  with  one  hundred  and 
fifty  recruits  ;  there  to  build  ]>oats,  and  then  to  proceed  down  the  Axairlai/.e 
and  Miami  to  Ft.  j\reiij:s  at  Maumee  City.  He  employed  one  hundred  and 
fifty  men  in  building:  the  boats.  General  Harrison  came  from  C.!incinnari 
to  Ft.  Amanda  where  he  was  joined  by  one  hundred  and  twenty  men 
from  Chillic'ithe,  and  by  one  hundred  and  fifty  of  the  Ohio  militia,  and 
and  then  ]nT)ceeded  down  the  Aui^laize  which  was  very  high  and  d;;n<?er- 
ous.  They  arrived  at  Defiance  all  ri,2:ht  exce})t  that  some  of  the  dugouts 
had  upset  and  some  of  the  arms  and  baggage  hud  been  lost.  The  dugouts 
were  boats  made  by  hollowing  out  a  log.  The  Indians  did  this  largely  by 
burning  the  log  at  the  pro])er  ])lace  and  scraping  the  coals  otY  as  they 
formed.  Evidently.  Col.  Miller  had  more  suitaJ)le  means  for  making 
them.  Up  to  this  date  Gen.  Harrison's  eiforts  in  the  Northwest  have  bi-c^n 
very  discouraginu".  But  every  reader  must  see  what  great  obstacles  he 
found  in  his  -jjath. 

Apiul  ;iO.— SiEnr.  OF  Ft.  Mek^s  at  Maumee  City.  Cn  this  date,  3,000 
Indians  under  TecuTiiseh  and  1,000  liriti-h  troops,  all  midei-  Proctor,  came 
u])  the  Maumee.  erected  their  batteries  and  fired  on  Fort  Meigs.  The  fort 
withstood  the  five-days  siege  when  tlie  Indians  and  Britisli  withd  -ew. 
taking  with  them,  however.  800  ca])tives.  It  was  well  that  (leneral  Har- 
rison had  eret'ted  this  fort  becau.st)  tliis  army  of  Indians  and  Br)ti;;]i  in- 
tended to  invade  our  territory.  Having  failed  to  take  the  fort,  they  re- 
treated. 

Sept.  13.  Hariusox's  AitM\  assemMed  at  St.  Marys  and  was  reorgan- 
ized. It  is  stated  that  (-len.  Harrison  had  as  many  as  3,000  troops  at  St. 
Marys  at  one  time.  On  this  date  Col.  R.  M.  John.son,  from  KentucJcy, 
joined  him  with  300  7nount<'d  men.  Johnson's  men  were  ])laced  under 
command  with  (icn.  Tupper's  forces.  Cl'upiier  scerris  to  have  been  a 
coward).  U.  M.  Johnson  was  elected  ('olonel.  Prf>bably  the  army  went 
overland  fi-om  St.  Marys  to  Fort  Anumda.     The  army  was  to  go  u]>   tin? 


6{  TRF.   SHAVrXEKS.  | 

(St.  Josephs  iiato  Michigan  and  attack  the  British  and  Indians.  At  noon  f 
of  the  day  tiiey  were  to  start,  tliey  received  vrord  from  Ft.  Wayne  askniLr  i 
for  re-e7iioreen\euts.  Witliin  three  hours  the  army  was  on  the  move  fnnn  } 
Ft.  Amanda .  It  rained  on  the  followinc:  day  and  the  roads  hecame  very  l)ad .  | 
On  this  secc)nd  day,  while  yet  near  Fort  Amanda,  thoy  received  woi-d  tliat  ' 
the  enemy  liad  retreated  from  Ft.  Wavne ;  so  Col.  Pouo;ue  was  ordered  ! 
I)ack  to  Ft.  Amanda  and  Col.  Barbee  to  iSt.  Marys.  Barhee  was  also  ov-  i 
dei'ed  to  cut  a  road  to  Defiance.  Gen.  Harrison  and  Col.  Johnson  laid  l 
been  with  this  army  but  now  l)oth  went  to  Ft.  "Wayntj,  remained  a  few  | 
days  and  returned  to  St.  .NUivys.  i 

deneral  Harri.>»on  received  his  commis.sion  as  Major  General,  from  the  i 
United  ^Stutes  v.-hile  at  St.  ^ihirys.  Before  that  time  he  had  been  acting  ^ 
under  a  conniiis>ion  from  (-von.  Scott,  of  Kentucky.  ; 

General  Tupper  was  ordered  to  go  to  Ft.  Wayne.  Having  arrived. 
Gen.  Winchester  ordered  him  to  go  dO'«*n  the  river  to  Maximee  City, 
dispersi  tlie  Indians,  and  return  by  way  of  l^etiance.  Tu])per  was  afraid 
to  start.  (You  would  not  have  been  afraid,  would  you?  S'ou  would  have 
forgotten  the  massacre  of  the  Raisin  and  floated  down  the  Maumee  singing 
a  woodland  air,  would  youVt  The  next  morning  he  was  again  orden-d 
out  but  he  was  still  afraid.  On  the  third  morning  he  was  ordered  to 
pur^U'i  a  fovr  In-iiaur.  tliar  h.id  tired  into  the  ca.n^).  but  lie  aeain  re:n-'>d 
to  obey.  Some  scouts  reported  in  the  eveuins?  that  thei-e  were  about  fifty 
Indians  ten  Tuiles  down  the  Maumee  river,  and  Tupi)er  was.  for  the  fourth 
time,  ordered  to  ])ursue  them.  He  seemed  willing  to  start  but  now  his 
men  refused  to  go  with  such  a  general  unless  some  of  Winchester's  men 
accompany'  them.  Colonel  Trimlde  offered  his  services  and  they  started. 
They  w-ent  by  way  of  the  Auglaize  (the  writer  does  not  see  why)  ami  wlani 
tliey  reached  the  Jndiaii  towns,  all  the  men  but  two  hundred  refused  to 
obey  orders. 

Gen.  Harrison  had  gone  to  Defiance  and  while  there  lie  heard  that 
the  Indians  were  collecting  at  St.  ^Marys.  He  returned  to  that  post  and 
found  tliat  five  hundred  mounted  volunteers  had  come  to  join  his  ex- 
})edition  to  Detroit.  Tiiey  were  placed  under  Col.  Trimble  who  had 
returned  to  St.  Marys,  and  ordered  to  attack  the  Indians  on  the  St. 
.Toseph  Sixry  miles  distant.  Half  his  men  backed  out  liefore  tlie  army 
reached  the  Indians,  but  Col.  Trimble  went  on  and  destroyed  two  vil- 
lages. 

1813,  Old  Towx,  a  Shawnee  town  north  of  tlio  St.  Marys  reservoir, 
was  destroyed  by  Colonel  Joliuson.  This  band  of  Shawnees  must  have 
been  hostile  to  tlie  Americ^ms.  for  the  destruction  was  so  com])let<;  that 
the  town  was  never  rebuilt. 

During  the  fall  and  winter  of  this  year.  Captain  Collins  was  stationed 
at  at.  Marys.  He  opened  many  roads  and  nnulo  other  provisions  for 
transporting  supplies.  Yon  will  remember  tliat  very  many  supidies  c^ime 
from  Cincinnati  through  St.  Marys  for  Harrison's  army. 

l.sil.  Chkist.mas  eve,  1S14,  tlie  war  closed  by  treaty.  In  the  mean- 
time Harrison  had  invaded  Caviada  and  overcome  the  Kiurlishand  Indians 
in  the  ])attle  'if  the  'J.'hames  and  Perry  liad  captured  tlu;  British  llect  on 
liake  Erie,  The  battle  of  New  Orleans  then  occurred  (fought  after  the 
treaty  had  been  signed)  where  Gen.  Jackson  killed  or  wounded  '-M-uO  of 
the  English  n\  twenty-hve  minutos  w'ith  a  loss  of  only  twenty-one  killwl 
or  wounded. 


TITK    ;-<n AWXF.KS.  0.) 

When  this  w;ir  occnrrocl,  tho  Ensi'lish  and  French  navies  had  been  fiu;ht- 
uvj;  for  twenty  youi's  and  tlu^  English  liad  eaprui'ed  hundri'iis  ot  ships  1)nr 
hist  only  two.  Duriaci:  tht;  first  six  montlis  of  lier  sea  liulits  with  ns,  she 
had  lost  six  shii)s  and  taken  none  and  in  ISi;}  Perry  had  destroyed  her 
ileet  of  six  s]ii|)S  on  Lake  Erie.  At  tiie  close  of  the  war  on  land,  tlie  hat- 
ties  of  tlie  Thanies  Twhere  'J'ecxiinseh  was  ]riUedi,  Lundy"s  Lane,  andXrw 
Orleans  had  ta'iulit  the  world  that  tliere  was  a  new  nation  that  must  he 
reeonc^d  with  thereafter,  and  on  land  as  well  as  at  sea.  in  tliis  great  war, 
it  ^YOuld  he  dilticult  to  find  a  eoianty  tliat  was  the  center  of  more  active 
operations  than  An^laizo. 

1814.  It  Is  Easy  To  Bk  Buavk  when  we  are  nearly  a  Imndred  years 
i'voia  onr  in'itneval  sv^-ainps,  di^rp  forests,  close  thickets,  and  savage  In- 
diaiis  ;  v/iien  v.e  hitva  never  I'.ad  tr^  join  an  army  aide  to  cut  its  way 
Ihrouirh  the  woods  at  the  rate  of  ])ut  six  miles  a  day,  <.'0)n])clled  to  live  on 
lialf  rations,  and  sleep  on  water,  miid,  or  ice  :  when  we  have  never  waded 
tlirou.^rh  mnd  or  slush,  worked  loaded  down  with  six-days  ])rovision,  and 
labored  witli  one  eye  on  our  srnn  and  the  other  searching  for  an  Indian 
seeking  to  scalp  us,  tear  us  to  pieces,  or  hurn  us  at  the  stake  ;  w'hen  we 
have  never  seen  the  captive  ^tri]n»ed  naked  and  poked  with  red-hot 
faegots,  forced  to  run  the  crauntlet  that  he  might  bo  flayed  alive  by  tiie 
red  man">  ia>a'-.-.  "e.Hu-.u  l,aii>i  and  loot  rliat  hi<  ciirs  r:iight  bt»  sevr-reil 
from  his  liead.  .--caiped  aliv?  tliat  hot  coals  might  be  hea])ed  u]jon  the  bare 
skull,  or  burnt  slowly  at  the  stake  that  he  might  witness  the  savage  glee 
of  the  war  dance  around  liis  own  funeral  pyre.  Yet  all  these  inhuman  deeds 
w^ere  induced  by  the  wild  Indian's  love  for  his  home;  all  this  suffering 
was  endured  by  the  ])ioueers  that  conquered  the  barbarous  hoi'dcs,  that 
you  and  I  might  enjoy  the  blessings  of  a  civilized  life.  I-et  us  not  forget 
that  civilization  comes  high  nor  forget  to  honor  the  pioneers  that  snlfer(Hl 
that  we  might  live.  Neither  must  we  forget  that  our  early  histciry  fur- 
nishes no  greater  minds  thaji  that  of  Loiran  and  Tccumseh  nor  lu^sitate  to 
drop  a  tear  jis  we  see  blind  fate  shoving  them  off  the  eartli  to  make  rooni 
for  the  "survival  of  the  fittest." 

ISM.  Bi.l  K  .T.\CKKT  v.-us  a  famous  SliawnetMdiiof.  With  Little  Tur- 
tle he  comm-cnided  the  Iralians  against  Ilarmar  in  17;fi\  and  was  Com- 
Tuander  in  ('liief  of  all  tiie  Indian  forces  against  Wayne  at  the  Battle  of 
Fallen  Timbers  in  j7'.U.  Little  Turtle  advised  him  not  to  attack  Wayne 
but  lie  persisted  in  doing  so.  McKee  tried  to  dissuade  him  from  going  to 
the  treaty  of  (Greenville  but  failed.  At  (;«reenville,  he  appeai-ed  as  a 
Shawnee  speaicer  aUhou-.;-:)  Ins  rank  v/as  oidy  that  of  a  v^hawnee  W!i.rri(n- 
at  that  timer.  At  Gt-eenville,  he  apoligi/ed  for  his  tardiness  for  arriving 
so  late,  promised  faithfulness,  but  was  afterwards  found  iniplicaled  in  flu; 
visionary  sclic^nies  of  Tecnmseh. 

Before  tiie  War  of  IslV,  lie  lived  at  Wai)akoneta  and  was  engaged  in 
the  sale  of  liquor  ;  but  after  the  war,  he.  became  di.scourau'cd  and  dissatis- 
fied and  moved  west.  Pie  probably  died  at  I'eoria.  it  is  hard  to  blame 
him  for  listening  to  Tecumseh. 

isi-f.  A  Skcoxd  Tkkatv  at  (TkKixvrr.ij:  was  concluded  with  our 
Shawnees.  also  with  tln^  Wyandots,  iliamis,  Henecas,  and  i)ele\var.'s. 
Blaclchoof,  the  Hhawnee  chief,  was  one  of  the  famous  jierstms  preseii). 
The  result  of  the  War  of  1M2  again  made  the  fndians  i-eady  to  listen  to 
the  United  States  instead  of  F.ngland.  S(^  long  as  it  lookcnl  as  if  England 
vrould  auain  s>\  are  ])os^essiou  of  our  Northwest  terrirory,  some  of  the 


f'C  THK    SI[AWNKFS. 

tribes  were  defiant.  But  now  tliut  Tecumseh  had  been  killed  and  tlio 
English  h.jid  withdrawn  their  annies,  tlie  lndi:ins  tVlt  that  it  would  hi' 
proper  to  be  friendly  with  the  United  States. 

1817.  At  Tin:  Trf:.\ty  of  M.\U31kk  ('City),  Auglai/.e  county  secures 
further  titles  from  the  Indians.  All  we  e\er  secured  before  this  date  was 
the  two-iniles-square  granted  us  at  the  tn -at y  of  (Treenville  in  17'.):.,  aiul 
proba])ly  a  piirt  of  the  six-rniles-scjuare  at  Loraniie  granted  at  the  same 
time.  At  the  treaty  of  Maumee,  the  Wyandots  ceded  to  the  Uuited  .States 
all  their  lands  l)er\veen  the  Maumee  Tand  !St.  ^Marys)  and  a  line  ruuninu' 
south  from  Sandusky.  While  the  Wyandots  had  not  occupied  our  county 
for  some  time,  you  will  remember  that  they  claimed  it  and  that  th<' 
Shawnees  v/ere  simply  hei-e  by  their  sulfiirance.  Tliis  cession  included 
most  of  our  cminty.  Dur  Siiawnces,  and  the  Sonecas,  Ottawas,  andotlnn- 
tribes  agree  to  xhx^  Wyanilot  ct!ssion.  But  tlie  L'nited  States  gave  tiie 
Sliawuees  a  reservation  ten  miles  square  at  Wapakoueta,  and  twenty-hve 
S([uare  miles  on  Hog  Creek.  The  Senwas  were  given  a  reservation  at 
Lewistim,  just  south-east  of  our  county.  (:irauts  were  also  given  to  (;tli«'r 
ti'ibes  but  not  in  this  section.  The  government  bought  the  lands  of  tlie 
Indians  and  then  granted  these  small  reservations.  The  Sliawuees  uot 
their  first  land  title  from  our  governiut-nt  by  this  treaty.  The  grant  "U 
Hog  CrcL'lc  jrrliv'd  t'lic  n:ie  at  Wapakoueta  on  the  iiMrtli.  These  gran*.-' 
were  made  to  the  chiefs  of  the  Sliawnee  tribes,  each  being  named.  an<i 
were  to  be  held  for  the  use  of  all  members  of  each  tribe.  Tliough 
Tecumseh  had  been  killed,  ho  had  a  Sliawnee  band  thtit  might  have  been 
remembered  in  granting  these  reservations  ;  but  they  were  "left  out  in  tii>"> 
cold"  because  Tecumseh  had  been  a  "bad  Indian"  ;  they  received  nothim:' 
from  the  government. 

1817.  Oui;  C.\XAi..  The  Ohio  legislature  heard  the  first  resolution 
looking  to  the  construction  of  a  canal  in  our  part  of  tlie  state. 

1817.  Tra-.ATV  ok  St.  Mahys.  This  council  began  on  Sept.  17  and 
lasted  until  (.>ct.  fj.  It  seems  that  a  treaty  was  made  with  two  groups  of 
tribes  on  different  days.  So  there  is  sometimo  .^^aid  to  have  boL-n  two 
treaties  at  S*:.  Marys. 

The  treaty  ground  extended  from  Ft.  Barbee,  Lutheran  cemetery, 
south  to  the  we^-t  branch  of  the  St.  iSlarys  and  th(-nce  west  along  that 
branch  to  Elm  (Trove  cemetery.  The  governors  of  Ohio,  Mi(!higan,  ;i,nd 
Indiana  were  inv.^ent.  Uncle  Sanrs  Commis.sioners  tented  and  boards  I 
where  the  little  brick  house  now  stands  in  the  gravrl-))it  at  tlie  south 
<md  of  Main  ^tiY-et  There  was  a  large  force  (;f  ludiaiis  ])n^si'nt.  tin- 
Sliawuees  being  the  most  numerous. 

The  first  treaty  (mad3  in  Septemlier)  was  with  the  Shawnees,  Wyan- 
dots, and  Ottawas.  The  treaty  was  ludd  south  of  tlu*  Lutheran  cemetery 
on  the  north  side  of  the  west  branch  of  tbo  St.  Marys,  'i'liis  must  refer  to 
the  branch  that  comes  from  tin;  reservoir  and  wliicli  was  mucli  larger 
liefore  the  reservoir  was  built.  The  government  gave  the  Shtiwne.'S 
12,SU0  acres  more  adjoining  their  ti'U-miles-square  resorvaTion  on  the 
west,  thus  cxteiidinir  it  to  near  Moulton.  The  do.sct;ndants  of  chief  Loiran 
received  GIO  a.TCS  on  the  west  side  of  the  Auglai/e  near  Fort  Amanda  and 
which  is  yet  known  as  the  Logan  Section.  To  the  Lewiston  re.-.ervati'>n 
of  18  square  miles  was  added  a  tract  of  .s,'.itju  acres.  These  tracts  were 
given  to  the  chiefs  in  fee  sim])le.  Of  course  Blackhoijf  was  one  (jf  tlie 
Shawnee  chi(?fs  favored.     The  Shawnees  liad  now  no  hinds  in  <  )lno  ex- 


TllF.   SlIAWNFK-'.  G7 

cept  their  reservations.  By  this  treaty  our  county  lost  13,110  acres  that 
she  had  gained  from  the  Indians  at.  the  trt-aty  ol"  Mauniee  the  year  biMori'. 
The  Shawnees  must  have  ])('en  dissatisfied  witli  the  terms  of  the  treaty  of 
Maumee. 

The  second  treaty  was  made  with  tlie  Miamis.  Weas.  Delawares,  and 
Pottawattomii^s  iii  ()otol)er. 

These  Indians,  it  is  said,  had  a  preference  for  locations  on  the  St. 
Marys  and  Auglaize  rivers.  Tiiey  always  con.sidered  riclmesa  of  soil. 
s])rings.  jind  watercourses  in  making  settlen\enta.  This  treaty  extin- 
guished all  Indian  titlt-s  iu  ( )hir)  except  such  as  were  reserved.  Tlie  Ot- 
tawa reservation  was  further  down  the  Auglai/e. 

After  the  treaty  liad  been  signed  a  grand  jumjnng  match  occurred. 
Kaiositah.  an  Indian  over  six  feet  tall  and  weighing  over  two  Jiundred 
pounds,  cleared  fifty  feet  both  ways  in  two  hops  and  a  jump.  This  was 
iji  the  road  by  the  German  cemetery  just  south  of  St.  Marys.  Tlien  a 
wrestling-match  followed.  Tliis  same  Indian  i)layed  with  his  opponent. 
for  a  time,  then  said  "now  nn^",  and  laid  the  white  man  on  the  ground 
as  he  wound  a  child.  A  Negro  then  met  the  same  fate  as  liad  the  white 
man.  Kaiositah  afterv.-ards  cripi)l('d  two  wiiite  men  in  wre.i.tling  and  h- 
nallv  refused  to  wrestle  except  under  extreme  provocation.  Mr.  Samuel 
S.'utt.  ui  hr.  -uary>  !  i; 'Ji' '.  uiico  kept  liini  fi-um  wrt-.-riing  by  tolling"  ]n:ii 
tlio  white  man  was  a  fool.  The  Indian  replied,  'Oh' no  v.-restle  fool"". 
In  l.^:i2  this  Indian  threw  a  white  man  and  broke  his  leg!  When  toid 
what  he  had  done  he  re] died  :  "Leg  must  be  rotten" '. 

This  county  beint;  a  central  point  amidst  several  great  Indian  trib-es, 
it  is  no  wonder  tliat  several  treaties  were  tnade  here.  The  great  Shawnee 
council  house  was  at  Wapakoneta  and  many  an  Indian  assembly  had  met 
there. 

Keep  your  eye  oti  Uncle  Sam  jmd  watch  him  get  possession  of  the  re- 
mainder of  the  Indian  lands  in  our  county. 

ISIS.  At  the  CouNcir,  of  Uppkii  Saxdi'sky,  the  Indians  met  to  borate 
one  another  for  grantint;  away  tlieir  lands.  They  had  already  begun  to 
reali/e  what  they  had  done.  Each  tribe  accused  the  other  of  being  the 
first  to  sell  at  the  treaty  of  Maumee  in  isl?  and  at  other  times.  Tlie 
Sliawnees  were  told  th.at  they  were  the  last  to  move  into  the  country  and 
the  first  to  sell  to  the  whit^^s.  Red  Jacket  became  very  odious  to  tlie 
Sliawnees  who  considered  themselves  the  wi.=;est  of  all  tribes,  lilackhoot. 
tlie  Shawnee  chief,  retorted.  He  traced  the  history  of  the  various  tribes, 
treaties,  and  all  alliances  and  replied  to  the  Wyandots  and  S.niecus  witli 
bitter  sarcasm.  The  two  great  orators.  Red  Jacket  and  Blackhoof  ban 
o])ened  the  discussion.  Then  all  the  orators  si)oke  for  their  tribes.  Bit- 
■  Un-  ])ersonalities  were  used  and  the  council  broke  u]>  in  confusion.  Tlu^ 
wam])U)n  belt  was  passed  and  some  of  the  chiefs  refused  to  toucli  it. 
Anxietv  prevailed  all  niu'ht.  all  next  day,  and  all  the  followhig  night. 
'I'liey  all  acknowledged  the  mistake  they  had  made  but  no  one  had  moral 
courage  enough  to  arise  and  .say  so.  The  silence  Ijceame  ojnnessive.  At 
last  Hlaekhoof  arose,  and  with  commandinirability  and  celebrated  oi-afory 
said,  amouii  other  things,  that  the  chiefs  liad  acted  like  chiMreu,  not  hke 
men  ;  that  he  had  lieen  driven  to  defend  Ids  nation,  but  that  lie  was  sorry 
he  had  made  his  otlensive  s))eefh.  By  the  consent  of  all  iiresent,  he  did 
ret'rer  ami  reeall  his  words.  Then  the  wam])um  was  accejitcd  hv  all  and 
the  council  adiouriK^d  in  harmony.     I'oor  deluded  souls,  v.ms  it  not  enougli 


r,S  TIIK    --nAV.'XF.F.S. 

to  frenzy  thein  to  poo  their  lands  slii)]nnG:  away  with  no  power  to  proviMit 
itV    Knowing  that  th.^y  must  subinii.  tlifV  try  to  do  it  .irracifully. 

Perhaps  they  were  not  dehid(>d  into  niakin'jr  therse  later  sessions,  bnf 
vrere  >-iniplT  powerless  in  the  presence  of  the  (-treat  Father  'tlie  United 
States).  \Slien  ^ve  see  a  few  hands  of  barbarous  Indians  nieetint:'  in  coun- 
cdl  a  great  civili/ed  nation  like  the  I'nitt>d  States — a  nati^m  that  in  two 
wars' liad  conquered  Enuland,  the  mistress  of  the  sea  and  ])Ossibly  the 
neatest  empire  in  the  world — wr-  see  how  unequally  the  contestants  were 
matched.  The  Indian  snnply  had  to  clioose  between  submission  and  an- 
nihilation. We  can  never  know  with  what  reluctance  he  surrendered  Ir.- 
happy  huntini:-  grounds  ;  how  his  breast  heaved  as  he  saw  the  iron  ho.  it 
of  the  war-horse  vrearint,'  the  Indian  trails  into  hi'j;h-ways  of  civili/.arii'u  ; 
why  In-  hand  so  trembled  as  he  siti;ued  the  treaty  that  fhially  surreiuL^reil 
the  last  acre  of  even  his  small  reservation  that  had  been  guaranteed  to 
him  forever  as  a  home. 

rO'.i.     The   Caxal   Qr?:sTioN-    was  a2,ain  atntated  in  the  <:;eneral  as- 

sembJv  of  Oh.io. 

IN-.^O.     Mkrcf.r  County  was  formed  and  included  the  eastern  p:irt  of 

our  countv. 

ls20.  Ali.kx  C<>UN'T\- %v'as  formed  from  old  Indian  territory  and  at- 
ta'-'hed  to  M:;rrev  jr,r  .^;dieial  parp^^ses.      [:  idsoineludeda  parr  of  Au-ia:/". 

"ls->o.  CiTAHLKs  MriMiAV  Nvrni  W.  A.  Hor^Tox  entered  a  lar.ire  triir-t  of 
land  and  soon  afterward  laid  out  St.  Marys.  While  Murray  may  have 
been  here  over  since  1795,  this  is  the  first  land  title  secured  by  him. 

M.urrav's  cabin  was  between  the  river  and  canal  a1)out  wdiere  the  L, 
E.  t^'  W.  il.  K.  crosses.  A  man  by  the  name  of  Myres  was  often  with 
Murray.  Islvres  and  Murray  had  some  trouble  with  a  man  by  the;  naitie 
of  Frakes,  whose  home  was  near  Siindusky,  and  started  to  Piciua  to  .i{(-t 
the  aid  of  the  law.  This  was  about  IMO.  Frakes  overtook  them  and  i)e- 
"an  yelliu"-  and  brandishin<<  his  weapons.  Murray  and  Myres  stei>ped 
Tnto'the  Imshes  and  Murrav  told  Myres  to  shoot  or  -ive  bim  the  Lam, 
and  Frakes  fell  dead.  The  Frakes  family  undertook  to  revenge  the  d.^ath 
and  Ms-res  soon  disappeared.  Murray  was  haunted  by  them  and  always 
carried  a  gun.  Scimucl  Scott,  now  of  St.  Marys  rUiOO),  says  he  and  other 
children  were  afraid  of  Murray.  ,    ■,    ,  , 

Murray  hved  with  a  squaw  for  several  years  but  hnally  concluded  lu> 
wanted  to  "marrv  a  white  woman.  He  and  the  squaw  fell  out.  They 
a-^reed  to  go  a  hunting  and  the  lirst  to  get  a  .shot  was  to  havt>  tlie  privilege 
to  shoot  tiie  other.  The  squaw  did  not  go  far  but  retui-ned  to  the  cabin 
and  watched  for  Murrav.  She  shot  Inm  through  the  shoulder  as  he  came 
up  the  path  and  cripnled  him  fur  hfe.  Some  white  men  prevented  her 
from  killing  him  with  a  tomahawk.  He  soon  married  tlie  white  wuuian 
nnd  tvro  children  were  born,  (-Se-n-ge  and  Eli/.a.  ])robably  about  IM.'  and 
1S14  Probably  these  were  the  iirst  white  children  bo)-n  in  the  county. 
Murrav  came  iiere  as  a  French  trader.  He  Ix-came  quitt;  wealthy  and 
owned  much  of  tlu>  land  where  St.  .Marys  is  located.  'JMie  above  is  related 
as  "iven  by  Samu*d  Scott  who  came  here  in  liiT-i. 

'^,ls-'(Vl'.     Henry  Smith  came  to  St.  Marys  town^liip.     His  familv  oi 

eight  children  were  all  born  th..n-e  except  one.     Hinkle  Smith,  the  osdest 

child  was  bom  in  ] >>?:.\  .     .   ,,    ^ 

is:.'i).     Three  canal  co    missioners  were  appointed  m  Ohio   but  tnty 

id  nothin'-'. 


THK    SHA'xVVRFS.  (•,() 

ls;-?2.  Tho  qnostion  of  ponstrnr-tina-  onv  Ciuial  v>-as  rofiM-ro.l  to  ii  com- 
inittco. 

1^?'.'.     .John  Hawthorne  and  Rjoliard  Burrintiton  ciinw  to  this  county. 

is-j:',.  ThoTnas  Sriotr.  with  his  son  SaTnnol.  canio  to  St.  Mary.s  \vitli 
two  wa.iions.  One  was  drawn  hy  thr.v  voke  of  oxen  mud  the  other  })y  a 
t.'ani  of  horses.  Mr.  ^itininel  Scoit  has  a  clear  recoJlectinn  of  his  (^arly 
days  here.  Tho  peo])]e  hero  often  went  to  null  at  Lorainio  and  to  other 
mills  further  south.  One  mill  was  near  Piqua.  and  people  often  jniss-'-d 
7iear  that  town  in  j^oina-  to  this  mill.  Somerinies  the  boys  were  sent  on 
horseback  an<l  someTimes  a  cart  made  from  the  hiiid  wiieols  of  a  waq;on 
was  nsed. 


i  ■ 

i     - 


m 


DOWX  THK  ST.  M.VK\S  AT  Hltill  AV.\TJ:u. 

Mr.  Scott  says  the  flat  boats  made  at  St..  Marys  were  about  1  I  by  -1 1 
feet  and  sided  up  about  five  feet  hiirh.  He  went  down  tlie  St.  Marys  witli 
a  lleiit  of  fourteen  boats  to  Ft.  Wayne.  The  car<ro  consisted  of  dry  goixls, 
flour,  ;)ork.  whi.sky,  etc.  Tho  b  mating  was  done  durinjj;  hiii;li  water. 
There  was  twice  as  much  water  iii  the  St.  Marys  then  as  now.  The  St. 
Marys  reservoir  cut  off  lialf  of  it.  The  St.  Marys  is  formed  by  the  tlirer 
streams  that  imite  just  simth  of  the  lovvn  of  St.  Marys,  The  stream  from 
the  resm'voir  drained  as  tireat  an  area  as  tin;  other  two,  and  so  the  res(,M"- 
voir  cut  oil"  about  half  the  \vater  sup])ly.  Tlie  St.  Mn.rys  was  mucli  better 
for  boating  tliau  tlie  Auirlaize  The  latter  is  wide  Init  very  shallow.  Mr. 
S'Cott  teamed  throu'^h  to  Ft.  Wayne  when  tho  water  was  low.  One  boat 
that  j)lied  the  St.  Marys  between  our  county  and  Ft.  ^A'ayne  was  ])nsh»'d 
back  to  St.  Marys  with  poles;  the  (jthers  were  not  iiitenrled  to  return. 
Mr.  Scott  thinks  that  (-rcneral  thirrison's  boats  built  hcj-t;  duriTi;..^  the  war 
'if  ls}.2  were  about  the  size  ;^iven  abovi*. 


70  rilK    STfAWKF.KS. 

Before  the  rosorvoir  %vus  huilt  the  Big  Cliicku.^aw  emptied  its  water 
onto  the  prairie  and  i>art  of  it  Ilowed  east  and  part  of  it  west.  Tlie  grass 
on  rlio  prairie  was  very  thick  and  some  of  it  seven  feet  tall.  This  held 
tlie  water  baek  and  dealt  it  out  gradually  to  the  ISt.  Marys  and  so  tlie 
\s'ater  did  not  get  so  low  as  now.  Tlie  prairie  oeeu])ied  less  than  half 
tlie  present  bed  of  the  reservoir. 

Mr.  f^oott  lived  at  Wapakoncta  at  tlie  time  thi>  Shawnees  siinied  away 
their  reservation  in  fsiii  and  untd  iust  before  they  left  for  Indian  Terri- 
tory in  iSo'i.  He  .saw  part  of  tlie  eeremony  of  tht.'ir  lust  famous  wur- 
danee.  Tiiev  wore  b7'eeeh -clouts.  ])aint(Hl  their  faces  and  l.iodies  in  hidei->us 
style,  and  then  started  out  yelling  and  braadishiug  their  war  clubs  ^about 
the  size  of  our  ball-bats,  and  other  weapons.  >s'e<irly  all  the  white  piM^plc 
lied  from  the  town  but  Mr.  Seott  m-i'vcd  hiiiiself  up  and  saw  the  pro(-es- 
sion  ])ass. 

The  famous  council  house  was  built  of  hewn  logs  and  was  a  splendid 
structure  for  the  time.  The  Indians  lived  in  log  huts  that  had  small  win- 
dows and  a  door,  (-renerallv  one  family  lived  in  each  hut.  'fhere  were 
only  one  or  two  dozen  huts  in  town.  Most  of  the  Indians  built  their 
house.s  in  the  country  around.  They  choose  the  best  land  and  farmi-d 
tlu-ee  or  four  acres  around  the  house.  Vi.siting  Indians  wei*e  often  pres- 
i-;i:  and  i  iiey  li\ed  in  r-'nts.  O.'ily  ;i  fi".v  of  the  Shi^wuees  (lrrs>.-ii  us  white 
nu'U. 

Mr.  Scott  Siiys  that  many  of  the  later  Shawmees  were  white  ])eo]>le 
and  did  not  know  it.  having  been  stolen  when  very  young.  He  thinks  it 
was  tliese  that  had  light,  red  oi-  curly  hair.  Of  course  there  were  many 
half-breeds.  He  says  they  had  many  noble  characters  among  tlunn . 
They  weie  very  clever  and  ex])ected  you  to  eat  with  tlunn  if  you  called 
U[jon  them.     They  would  be  otVended  if  you  refused. 

The  squaws  did  most  of  the  work  at  home;  such  as  raising  corn, 
skinning  deer,  stretching  and  dres.sing  hides.  The  men  hunted,  trapi)ed, 
visited,    and    i-est^-d.     At  times  the  whole  family  would  go   on   a  hunt. 

Several  families  would  go  to- 
/-.A'Ji,  '%^  V  »-i-   f^^'  gether.  They  generally  went 

'^'•'^■'^^>0^\^rV''^'t^!^>-^'^2:^'.^         west  and   returned   throuii:h 


•'^^•.;:;,:.i^^**^--^j;.,/       ?^i^^  r  V.::    p^  St.    Marvs    to    trade    otf    the 

'^^..--y.:...^^^-       M.-    .1     ..-'-•   i  hides     and     furs.       At     this 


,f:    'r'-rS^^^  ''''''-^^       time  St.  Marys    was   fully  as 

^.  -"^T^?^  ''':t        gi>"<l-   J^ii   Indian  trading  post 

_.ii:         as  \V;tj);ikoneta.     Tiu-y    were 
shar])   traders    and  gt)t  good 
prices.     The  only     way    tln^ 
i':  ..  xi^.v!?L.'       whitt^  man  could  cheat   them 

/  was  in    the  goods    he    traded 

;'  for  th'^  skins  and  furs. 

V  Tht!  Indians  .st'ldoiii  fought 

-      .... .      r        the  white   men    unless    when 

'''-i'i.V^    -__._^  .   ■i— •  ■   -.--     ■-u'>■:^u  >*..V'<ii'      druuk.   When  the  Indian  was 

'"''''"'-^^^^2Lr-i^l~;  -    ---"''^^--'■^  drinkin-- lie  wanted    to  liglit 

Kariy  sriTu- ill  AiiKt:ii'.e  iouiity.  u  nil  it  V.  as  uecessaTN'  for  tilt  • 

white  man  to  take  a  club  and  knock  liim  not  still  but  limber. 

When  a  })arty  of  Indians  concluded  to  get  drnidc  they  chose  one  of 
tl.Mv  number  to  whom  all  wejijions  were  delivcrcMl.  He  was  to  keep  sober 
and  try  to  keejt  tin*  i^licrs  irom  killing  one  another. 


THE    SHAWNFFS. 


18-:':;.     N.  A.  Mnrdock  and  John  Mura(X'k  cinwo  to  Auii;lui/.o  county. 

IS-i:;.  Loiran  township  w:)**  settled.  Andrew  Russell  nioved  into 
the  old  fort  at  Ft.  Amanda.  William  Berryman,  ^Mt■c.  and  twelve 
children  came  in  Is'irj.  It  was  named  after  J.OL'an  (not  the  Min-o  cbiet) 
who  lived  ar  Wapakoneta.  This  Indian  was  friendly  to  the  winter  ancl 
]).)s.se>sed  the  true  bearint:  of  a  o-entlomun.  Buckland  was  tormerly  cadi'd 
^Vllite    Feather  after  a  chief  Ly  that  name. 

l.s->4  Johnny  Appleseed  came  to  our  county  almost  annu:illy  irem 
about  isiito  1.S40'.  Mr.  vSiimuel  S(-ott  of  St.  Marys,  VJOO.  say.<,  -I  have  ot- 
ten  seen  Johnnv."  He  describes  him  as  peculiar  in  dress,  manner,  and 
b-ibits  He  wore  secouddiand  clothes.  If  he  hada  yood  siut.  noone  ever 
c-t.n^^l't  him  in  the  act  of  wt-ariuir  it.  His  shoes  were  tied  on  witli 
<tri'n>-<  woun.l  around  in  till  directior.s.  He  went  barefoot  m  summf^r,  or 
wore^sandals  of  his  own  make,  and  in  winter  he  u.^ed  such  shoes  as 
others  liad  cast  aside.  When  he  ran  short  of  a  hat,  he  made  himself  a 
i)asted)Oard  one.  ,  ,.     ,  , 

Mr.  Scott  savs  that  Johnny  was  not  reirtirded  as  a  tool  by  any  mccius. 
On  tbe  contrary!  he  was  siMuethinti;  of  a'philosopher— a  Swedenborgian— 
and  carried  books  with  him  beariuir  on  that  doctrine. 

The  most  singular  thiui,^  about  him  was  his  vocation.     He  traveled 


0]\\<^  •')l:in'"in'-'-  aripl''Sff"d- 


h 


Court 
N  u  r 


nM  fin'l  a  '••I'-ared  >p-)t  and 
had  hundreds  of  nurseries 
to  see  after.  He  went 
around  about  once  a  year  to 
fix  the  fences  and  to  sell 
trees,  trade  them  for  old 
clothing,  or  trive  them  away. 
He  had  a  nursery  between 
the  south  end  of  Main  street 
and  the  feeder  at  St.  Marys  ; 
also  one  on  the  Auirlaize 
aiid  many  between  that  ono 
and  Lake  Erie. 

Johnny  Apyileseed  (John 
Chapman;  was  born  in 
Massachusetts  but  Mr. 
Scott  says  he  came  from 
Pennsylvania  toOliio  when 
rather  a  youns?  nntn  with  a 
sack  of  apple.seeds  on  his 
back.  He  was  .so  ^'enerous 
that  he  has  been  known  to 
tear  a  bo<ik  in  two  in  order 
to  share  it  with  a  friend. 
.ju.i  souii.  He  lived  close  t(.  th.-  heart 
of  nature  and  never  injured 
poisonous    snakes     (,>r     noxious      iu.M-cts. 


An'.eritan 


1  T'roui  Howrlls  Stofios    of    O'uU 
Hod!;  Com  pan. v.  l'\!liii>!i'-!-s. 
.rotiiuiv    .\i)i>i»-«<  <»  I'liiiitinu  •''- 
of  St.   .Marys. 

mm    or     animal — not    even     ,. -, --  ,.  ;  .  i   ,,, 

Some  <a^  his  manner  of  li*e  can  l>e  ti-aeed  to  a  disappointment  m  loj( 
If  lie  was  worrvm-   about  iinythin- it  did  not  seem  to  altect  his  hraltl 
i:m'-h  as  he  once  r('mark«'d  while  liore  that  he  was  sixty-ei-ht  ye:ir>  o,a 
a  11^1  felt  like  he  v,-ould  live  sixty-eiLdit  m<.re. 


Mr.  Scott  says  that  some  thouirht  .lohnny  ^vus  not  as  dostitute  as  lie 
looked  aud  that  ]ie  had  a  farm  somo  ]il;ioe  in  Oliio.  All  aicrt^ed  that  lu- 
vras  a  peculiar,  harmless,  lovlrii;,  uncouth  charnctor.  The  Jndiuns  loved 
hi7n  because  ot:  liis  kind,  sym])athetic  disi)osition  and  becuuse  he  could 
drive  a  ])in  throuuh  his  tlesh  without  wincinu'  and  because  when  he  irot 
hurt  he  burnt  the  i  luce  and  then  doctored  the  burn.  AltliouL-li  hisai>p]t>- 
trees  were  not  un'al'ted  and  hence  of  littlf  value  com])Hred  with  those  of 
today,  y(^t  the  apples  \\ere  an  iTn])ortant  article  of  fooil  in  th(i  days  of  the 
wilderness.  His  trees  were  widely  ■i)lanted  throughout  the  state  and  no 
other  inhabitaj^t  of  Ohio  fi2;ures  in  tho  early  history  of  so  many  countit-s 
as  Johnny  A])])leseed. 

Some  of  his  anple-tret'S  are  yet  standing'.  At  IMansfit'ld.  a  mode.^t 
shaft  has  born  erected  to  ])er)-)etu;ite  tl\e  memorir-s  of  this  practicul  and 
beuelicial  character  of  the  early  pioneer  days. 

1S:?4.  St.  M.\UVs.  Xo  material  urowtJi  was  manifest  at  th(^  isolated 
settlement  at  St.  Marys  before  this  date  ;  and  t-.vvn  then  the  outlook  wus 
not  ])romisiug. 

The  taxes  of  St.  Marys  village  and  towiiship  in  is"?-! — only  7">  yi-ars 
before  r.HM) — were  as  follows  : 

Personal $21'..  tU 

ii'Mi    :;.]_Tnt:il.    ^  .      ^^iVOS. 

The  ns  lots  in  the  villa:re  and  township  were  valueil  nt  one  dollar  each. 

Samuel  Houston  gave  bond  to  collect  all  the  taxes  in  Mercer  and  Van 
Wert  counties  for  *■'>.     He  was  np]iointed  after  the  Connnissioners  h.nd 


1 

L^'^-^^SSS^: 

k^iJMu^^^-^^-.,^^^- 

-  _. 

::y 


.. M 


.\    >o«    Htnuf   ill  Tlif  .\iiffl;ii/<-   AVil<lfii>e>;s. 

called  on  the  covmty  treusnrer  and  fcnmd  iio  mnm^y.     Auglai 

ly  included  i7i  these  counties. 

Tlicre  were  twet^ty-nine  tax-]myers  in  St.  Marys  vill.-'.i: 

sliij)  ill  1s-.'4.     Thomas  McKee  settled  here  this  y(\ir. 

isr^T).  The  state  be<ran  m  earnest  t<)  consider  the  canal  q 
1X'27>.  The  salary  of  the  auditor  of  Mercej-  county  was  •> 
Js'J."..     Thk  <}r\v.'  i;s.     Hem-y    Harvey,  a   (Quaker,  br-)'! 

came  to  Waitakone*-.'  ;..  live  and  labor  witli  tlu)  Sh.awnei-s. 

erected  a  grist -nnll  •,(•(;  saw-miU  on  the  Auglai/e. 


/e 

Was 

lar 

go 

?' 

and 

town 

Ue 

•^tion. 

10 

(H). 

.iel 

■   of 

Tsa 

ac 

Tl 

e  F 

riei 

id> 

I  THK   Sn.VWNKES.  73 

t  1>^'27.     The  Ftrst  Mail  R<H'TE  was  established  in  the  county.     Wa- 

I      i)akuneta  was  one  of  the  iirst  post-ollices. 

?  1^"J7.     Ht.  Mail's  was  the  county  seat  of  Mercer  county  from  l^^'.T  to 

I      ISIO.     John  Blew  and  Henry  M.  Helm  came  in  1S2T'. 

I  I^'JN.     XtiiiLK  townshi])  WMS  settle(l.     Ismel  Johns  came  on  this  date. 

I  Is'.'O.     TnK  DF.r.AWAK'Ks.  by  treaty,  sold  out  their  last  ri.trhts  m  Oliio. 

I  l">"i9.     C'oL.  Jxo.  Johnson,  a])])ointed  by  Jell'erson,  had  had  his  hcad- 

I      quarters  at  Wa])akoneia  for  many  years  before  this  date.     He  was  Indian 
I      Agent  for  the  United  States  and  the  business  of  the  a.<:Ct^ncy  was  with  the 
I      Sbawnees,    Wyandots,  Ortawas,  Sent-cas,  and  Didawares.     The   Colonel 
-I      had  the  agency  over  tlie  Shawnecs  for  nearly  thirty  years. 
I  l^;iO.     ••Ca]it.'"  John  Elliott  came  to  \Vai)akoneta  in  ls:".0,  and  ijioved 

I       to  St.  M;irys  in  l>;;i.     He  was  tlie  governmenr  ]31ai.-ksmith 
f  1s;jO  or  "iil.     Wayne  township  was  settled.      William  Hiett  and  John 

^      Hurley  came  first. 

I  l-^'.U).     Washington    town.ship   wjs   settled.     Shadrack    Montgomery 

I       mowd  lu-re  in  this  year.     New   Knrjxville    was   laid  out  in  l>;iti. 
f  js:;i.     The  Shawnees  sold  out.  liy  treaty,  to  the  Unitc^d  States.  They 

I  l.-ft  the  ricxt  year,  1^:52,  havinu  livpd  hei-e  since  IT^^^ — fifty  years.  The 
f  first  land  in  our  county  that  was  a>.si^ned  away  bv  the  Indians  was  at  the 
i  ti.\ity  ol  Ft.  .S'"an\\i.\:.  li-^i,  vviicu  \'iu-  lrr'i[\,,,\s  of  Xi.-w  Y>.rk  a^.-:gn((l  rlu^ 
H  wiiole  county  to  the  Unitt-d  States.  Other  tribes  said  tlie  Iroquois  had  no 
I  lands  here  to  assign.  The  next  session  was  the  two-niiles  square  at  St. 
I  Marys,  at  the  treaty  of  (Jreenville  in  179.').  This  grant  was  made  by  the 
I  Wyandots,  Shawnees.  and  all  othiu'  tribes  that  claimed  any  interest  here. 
I  Tli'en  at  the  treaty  of  ^hiumee  (;City),  1M7,  our  whole  county  was  as- 
I  signed  to  the  United  States  by  these  same  Indians,  but  the  government 
I  granted  the-ten-niiles  square  and  the  Hog  Creek  tract  to  the  Shawnees. 
I  Th.e  foUo-.ving  year,  the  United  States  returned  some  of  the  land  to  tlie 
I  Indians.  This  was  done  at  the  treaty  of  St.  Marys,  isiT.  No  further 
i  grants  were  made  until  1">;U,  when  the  Sliawnees  sold  out  their  entire 
4       reservation  to  Uncle  S<im. 

I  At  last,  we  secured  every  fo«jt  of  their  land  and  sent  them  into  the 

far  west. 

It  was  not  an  easy  matteu-  to  secure  the  Au^-lai/.e  reservation  from 
the  Shawnees.  The  Indian  agent  told  them  that  the  governmimt  d''sired 
to  purchase  their  lands.  Imagine  their  confusion  on  receiving  this  in- 
formation. The  wise  Shawnees  knew  very  well  what  it  meant.  The 
chiefs  refused  to  talk  to  anyone  on  the  subject.  Then  some  Engli.sh  trad- 
ers saw  the  Indians  and  told  them  that  they  MUST  sell  in  order  to  raise 
some  money  for  the  Indians.  They  also,  as  usual,  bril)ed  some  of  the 
fliiefs  to  favor  the  sale.  Tlie  ctjmmissiou  from  the  United  States  came 
and  talked  and  argued  with  the  Indians  for  two  days  making  many  mis- 
representations. 

Wayweleapy  was  tlie  Indian  orator  on  this  occasion.  He  said  that 
(4jirdner,  the  commissioner,  had  si^okeu  of  a  Great  S])irit  of  v.-hich  lie  knew 
n.)thing  and  that  his  ideas  were  all  wrong.  He  stated  that  <  Jardner  had 
said  that  tiiC  Great.  S])irit  had  made  three  classes  of  men  :— the  white  man 
wtli  a  great  dvnl  of  sense,  the  red  man  vvith  a  little  less,  and  the  black  nian 
with  very  little  sense.  His  own  idea  was  tliat  all  m.-n  were  crt'.-it^  d  alike 
and  that  anv  other  view  was  curi<jus  and  false. 


71  TVr.    MIAWNKKS. 

In  a  day  or  tv.'0  the  treaty  was  signed  and  the  report  unnounced  that 
the  Indians  hud  been  deceived  and  (^hcattd.  John  Perry,  an  Indian,  vis- 
ited the  Friend,  Harvey,  and  was  told  that  the  Indians  "had  Ijeen  robbed 
of  their  lands.  Perry  wept  like  a  child  and  asked  tlie  Quakers  to  help  tlie 
Indians  secure  their  lands  back. 

There  were  other  .societies  of  Friends  besides  the  one  at  Wapakoneta. 
At  tlieir  yearly  meeting  they  appointed  a  number  of  men  to  investigate. 
The  commission  met  the  Indians  in  council  at  Wapakoni-ta.  smoked  the 
pil)e  of  peace,  then  tixed  their  eyes  on  Wayweleapy,  the  orator,  and 
waited  for  him  to  s])eak.  The  Indian  orator  arose  and  with  keen,  black 
but  tearful  eyes,  looked  at  each  of  his  brethren  and  then  at  the  commit- 
tee. He  spoke  but  a  few  w'ords.  when  he  had  to  pause  to  control  his 
feelings.  As:ain  lie  bo^an.  but  in  a  moment  faltered  :  te;irs  washed  his 
cheeks,  emotion  overcame  him.  and  he  sank  to  his  seat  A  struggle  en- 
sued with  his  feelings  ;  finally  he  mastered  the  agitation,  regained  self- 
control,  and  rising,  d'^livered  a  pathetic  statement  of  the  wrongs  doni?  l)y 
treaties,  said  that  ruin  stared  the  teUawnees  in  the  face,  and  appealed  to 
the  Quakers  for  hel]). 

Asa  result  of  the  assembly,  a  petition  to  the  Congress  was  prepared 
setting  forth  the  fraud,  and  asking  for  -^11."). COO  more  money  for  their 
lands,  unu  >howing  luut  riie  iudians  had  been  deceived  to  ihat  exrciii. 
Blackhoof,  Wayweleapy.  and  other  chiefs  were  sent  to  ]n'eseut  the  peti- 
tion. The  Quakers  also  prepared  a  jietition  and  sent  Harvey  and  other 
Friends  to  carry  it  to  the  capital  of  the  United  States.  Harvey  had  been 
a  witness  to  the  treaty  and  could  sli-nv  the  fraud. 

Tlie  Indian  chiefs  and  Quakers  started  for  Washington  on  December 
1,  ISol.  Duchouquet,  the  interpreter  and  friend  of  the  Indians,  took  sick 
and  died  on  the  way.  Poor  old  Blackhoof  must  have  suffered  for  the 
books  say  h(;  died  at  Wapakoneta  in  December  of  this  year  at  the  age  of 
one  hundred  and  ten  years.  The  writer  does  not  see  how  the  .journey 
could  be  made  in  time  for  Blackhoof  to  return  to  Wa])akoneta  witlun  a 
month.  Remembering  the  cause  and  failure  of  their  mission,  the  death 
of  their  beloved  Duchouquet,  the  age  of  Blackhoof,  the  cold  season,  and 
the  many  difficulties  that  beset  the  traveler  in  those  early  days,  this 
must  have  been  a  sad  journey. 

The  deputies  reached  Washington,  examined  the  treaty,  and  satisfied 
themselves  that  they  had  been  defrauded  out  of  sii,-),0OO.  Gardner  had 
been  the  ayent  of  the  United  States  iov  making  this  treaty.  Tiie  Secre- 
tary approved  the  plan  of  annulling  the  Gardner  treaty  Init  the  President 
would  take  no  action.  Then  an  appeal  was  made  to  the  Congress  and 
llnally  ^;;0,000  was  allowed. 

Tlie  Indian^  were  promised  that  they  would  be  removed  from  Auglaize 
county  in  the  early  sjn-ing  of  lKi2  and  that  they  would  be  given  >^;5,000  on 
leaving.  They  were  told  to  sell  off  everything.  So  they  sold  ',:;oO  head  of 
cattle,  l'2vO  head  of  hogs,  in  fact  they  sold  almost  everything  and  ]«jught 
clothing.  Wagons  and  guns. 

is'.'A.  Bl.vckho.  .K  DiKs.  This  irreat  Shawnee  chief  died  in  December 
of  this  year.  He  v.  as  tlu-  most  celel^rated  chief  of  tlie  Shasvneos.  He  was 
born  in  Florida,  was  ])resent  at  Braddocks  defeat  in  ITT)-!,  and  was  engag- 
ed in  nearly  all  the  Indian  wars  of  (.)hio  from  that  time  until  the  treaty 
of  (Treenville  in  17'.>'>.  Bravo,  iit^rce,  cunning,  and  a  bitter  foe  to  the 
svhites.  he  believed  t]\<'  j>ale  face  should  }><•  drivt-n  ]>ack  over  the  Alleghe- 


xnK  ^^^.^^v^-KK^^.  75 

nics.  He  was  a  great  orator,  had  a  good  memory,  knew  all  about  the 
wrongs  of  his  pcojile,  fought  a  lumdrcel  battles  ;  and  yet  he  was  always 
loyal  to  his  agreement  with  the  United  States  at  the  treaty  of  (Treenville 
in  IT'Jj,  and  refused  to  join  Teoumseh  auamst  Wayne  in  the  Battle  of 
Fallen  Tiuil)ers,  lis)!  ;  forbid  his  tril)e  to  join  Teeumseh's  Confederaey  in 
IslO  ;  and  refused  to  tight  agaiusst  the  I'nited  States  in  the  War  of  JSTi. 
He  died  at  the  age  of  110  years  just  before  being  hauled  olT  with  his  trilie 
to  Indian  Territt^ry.  How  fortunate  it  wa.>>  that  his  noble  s])irit  took  its 
flight  from  the  home  he  had  guarded  for  fifty  years,  from  a  county 
wiiich  his  life  had  made  rich  in  ti'adition.  from  woodlands  hallowe<l  by 
a  thousand  memories — rather  than  from  thi^  untried  waste  of  hi nd  beyond 
the  Father  ot  Waters. 

He  lived  at  St.  .lohiis  whieh  village  formerly  bore  his  name.     His  log 
i     cabin  was  iSx'JO  feet. 

I  At  his  grave,  not  a  word  v<-as  spoken  but  dancing  and  feasting  fol- 

I  lowed  m  the  evening.  Tsventv  deer,  many  turkeys,  and  much  other 
I      game  were  served. 

I  Blaekhoof  led  the  attack  on  PiquM  in  170?,  signed  the  treaty  of  Green - 

I  ville  in  17'.'"^,  vi.^ited  Ft.  Artliur  in  isii!  where  .■^<)me  miscreant  shot  him 
?  Ilirough  tlie  cheek,  carried  .Tcilt'i'son "s  famous  letter  to  th(i  Shawnees  in 
i  ]^'''j,  and  ?i;nu'ii  itu>  article  il.ar  e>uive>ei]  t]\e  Slur.vTiee  TJescrvo  to  the 
I  Inited  States  in  1.>;U.  Perhaps  you  wonder  why  lu^  signed  the  treaty 
I  that  granted  away  the  Shawnee  reservation  in  our  county  ;  if  so,  let  him 
p      answer  : — 

I  Did  you  agree  to  the  saley 

I  No.  ' 

Why  did  you  sell? 

Because  the  United  States  wanted  to  buy  our  land  and  move  us  tiway. 
I  consented  bectiuse  I  could  not  hel])  inyself.  I  knew  I  nsiglit  as  well  give 
up  Jirst  as  last  liecause  I  knew  the  United  States  was  l.)ound  to  have  our 
land.     I  neyer  knew  the  United  States  to  want  anything  and  not  get  it. 

Tliere  is  a  stream  in  the  county  and  a  street  in  Wapakoneta  named 
after  Blaekhoof. 

Tills  famous  Indian  chief  opposed  the  burning  of  prisoners,  loathed 
polygainy,  had  a  high  .^ense  of  honor,  and  would  not  violate  a  treaty.  Hr 
was  small  in  stature,  mild  in  manner,  vivacious  in  convcr-^ation,  and  had 
■I  chetnful  disposition.  The  great  chief  was  Imried  with  ancient  Indian 
liouors,  with  ]jipe,  knife,  and  tomahawk  at  his  side. 

When  a  chief  was  1)uried,  holes  were  bored  in  the  lid  of  the  cotlin 
Over  the  eyes  to  let  the  good  s])irit  in  and  out.  Presents  were  laid  over 
^  '!(>  graves,  also  provisions,  for  the  g(iod  si)irit  to  take  at  night  fand  he  al- 
v>-rLysdld). 

i^o'i.  TiiK  S^A^^'^■KKs  Moved.  Spring  came  but  the  agents  did  not 
-.■■■•.w  the  Shawnees  according  to  agreement.  The  Indians  had  sold  every- 
;';ingandso  had  nothing  to  live  upon.  Want  and  almost  starvation 
-•'i/,ed  the  tribe.  As  usual,  the  (Quakers  came  to  their  rescue  and  brought 
i^'.ul  from  other  missions.     The  government  iinallv  sent  some  provisions 

Finally  in  September,  after  it  was  too  late  to  raise  a  cn)p  in  their 
■i-w  home,  C-Jardner  came  and  started,  very  ])0(n"ly  equippunl,  witli  700 
Shawnees  and  2^)0  Senecas  for  Indian  Territory,  sOd  miles  across  tlie 
,11-iiirie.     All  ages,  all  classes,  all  ranks,  all  condition.s — the  remnant  of  a 


7C> 


TrrK    STIAWNKKS. 


proud  pooplo — were  led  from  the  reservation  on  the  Anirlai'/ie.  wliere  they 
had  Imirned  to  u>o  and  mjoy  many  or  tlie  advuntaires  of  eivdi/.ation,  once 
:i,t:ain  into  the  v.-iklernes-?  ti>\vttrd  th(^  setting  sun, — to  once  again  pass  the 
winter  in  the  pi'iineval  soUtndes. 

It  took  some  timti  for  the  Indians  to  t^-et  ready  tct  start  from  here. 
They  had  a  rehcions  cereinony  that  lasteil  several  weeks,  'j'liey  took 
away  the  fenees  from  tfie  irraves  of  tlu'ir  forefathers  and  soilded  them 
over  so  the  white  man  eould  not  iind  them.  The  chiefs  visited  otht>r 
nations  to  ;zive  and  receive  ])rosents.  Warriors  took  olf  all  clotliin.i;  hiit 
hreerh  clout ;  covered  their  faces  and  bodies  with  ])ictures  of  snakes,  in- 
sects, and  other  ani7iials  ;  armed  themselves  with  \var-clui)S.  and  then 
danced  and  yelled  terriileally.  After  this,  both  sexcs  followed  in  the 
usual  dance.     Thev  .-^aiiL;-  iind  da7iced  around  the  fire.     Tliev    ^.anic   what 


r>yiffl^i.r»Wi,'i|p  i.'.i»  I.I  J.  ':    1,1  ,'..ii  .'Jiyi  jiii.tt!.--- .t-i.  injt-^U| 


'■'¥A 


f  ,- 

i^"                         ■      •-.'■■"     •  .• 

*:    _                   -:.     -.-'     :'■;/>■>.■     • 

>    "     - 

s.;'  ;•'  .-         .                            ••.■.';., 

VAi^^'.                     ■-'>.v/.'.l''- 

f^!  ■■'■.- 

'  , 

:M 

--^!t- 

'-~  -,--•  ■!'^^<X<rS^&fe??s-i -'Jr^f  /', 

^^^C'^^<:r^ir^~-~.-^.^-^h^       : 

.^*>y^'#l^^:^'^^^''  '^Z'"'    '  '-■ 

-  --■   -.      -'   -.-'^.,    ,.      - 

TITK  I, .VST  O.VNCK  AT  W.V  I'.\  K0M;TA,   SKI'Ti;^!  HKR   Iv:v.'. 

vre  call  "a  round".  Bein<<  readv  to  start,  thev  got  otitri  their  horses  or  into 
their  wagons  and  were  led  by  their  High  Priest  Ix'aring  on  his  shoulder 
"the  are  of  tne  covenant""  which  was  a  lai'ge  gourd  with  the  1)ones  of  a 
deer-leg  tied  to  its  neck. 

!>■/■','*.  Fktkii  ("ouxst.klk  was  a  large  finedooking  Shawnee  cdiit'f  that 
lived  in  thi.s  county  and  often  vi.-^ited  the  trading  posts.  fj<'  was  a  friejid 
of  the  v.-hites.  The  writer  has  beeti  told  that  he  Nvas  buried  on  the  bank 
of  the  Anglai/,e,  two  miles  below  Wapakotieta. 

ls;'/i.  ('.^1*T.\IN  JoHNNV  and  his  braves  liv<'d  on  the  west  bank  of  I'n- 
sheta  creek  just  north  of  the  bridge  (on  the  St.  ^hirys  and  Wajnikoneta 
pike). 

iS:rj.  DU('H(»U(,)UKr  'J'ow.nsiih'  was  oriramzed.  Tlie  F'^rench  built  a 
fort  here  in  ]7'4s  and  may  have  traded  Ikm-o  as  fiarlv  as  IT'^'i.  'I'lic  Sliaw- 
nees  came  in  17'^ ■-*  and  tlie  (Quakers  in  17'.il.  The  Shav/nees  left  in  ]K'r! 
and  the  townsliip  was  organized  the  .same  year.      It  was  named  after  a 


TRF    SnAWXF.KS;.  77 

])opiilar  French  intor]n'oter,  Francis  Ducbonquet  wlio  was  an  Indian  j^ov- 
crnnient  aixent  and  interpreter.  The  agent  died  in  is;il  while  on  his  way 
to  ^Vashington. 

isrr,'.     Clay  Towxstiti'  was  settled.     St.  Johns  was  founded  in  Is;',,"). 
iSMi'.     Uxiiix  Tii\vx.<irii'    was   settled.     There   are    many    springs   in 
Cnion  townshi]). 

]Srr2.     Moui.Tox  Towxsnip  was  settled. 

1b:v>.  Thk  First  Cni-iicFi  erected  in  our  county  was  by  the  Catholics 
ji.^  Minster.  Cliurches  followed  rapidly  in  our  county  after  this  date. 
Gerjnan  and  Jackson  townshi]»s  forint-rly  helonued  to  Darke  couTity  Init 
were  a  part  of  Mercer  when  settled. 

i>>'.y^.     W.vFAKi  >XKTA  is  ou  tlic  site  of  an  Indian  village  wliich  occupied 

rhr>  c^'-nrer  of  tlie  Shawnee  r(-serve  in  <jur  county.     It  was  the  Indian  cap- 

.,  ^_^  ital  of  the  Northwest.     Being  a   cen- 

/'y^./l^^^l}.;^,  ,^^■'-7-'^  tral    point    for     many     surrounding 

^1  jj^^^^y^-^j:,'-^  f^'^'i^.'^  tribes,  muny  a  council  was  held  here. 

si  '-^^^A^  -:'  '\/-'^f^  A.    large  council  house  was  built  for 

V-,i   f,  ^\V    ^^    ^   ^       ''/'•l'.\^  their  accommodation.    The  many  sid- 

\  J^.Ji--  •  ,.■''•,'  ed  character  of  the  Indian  might  Jiave 

^1  ■"••'-  ••  '.^"Crix^         l)een    seen    at    these   councils: — Tlic 

.J_;  X  '  <?-i  >■  y-  ^^-yi^J'  lidelit\' of  a  Lo^au  ;  thi'  rasiiuess  :i7id 

Z^  %i^',-j-\'\..'-.X^'^^-^iJ^f^i*'^^%-        violence  of  a  Bhie  Jacket ;  the  fidelity  • 

"^i  B_f^^^''^j^S-'.-^i''ii::r^4^'^^^  o^  ^   Captain   Johnny  ;    the   fren/ied 

^    ■  '      - "  •  '•;■-;■'    ■      .  ■•   ^■'•'l''     lunacy  of  The  Prophet ;  "the   yentle- 

■  ■•:?     man  of  his  i-ace"  as  was  Little  Turtle  ; 


'   ^t^i'^  ,^f,^..^-     j  ':'    the  ambitious  zealot  as  was  Tecumsch  , 

«   ll^l  •^■*'v^'r?'#^  -  -^i  ^^^  heartless   renegade   as   found   in 

(    j^I^    >  -V*  fji^f'.. .-   .  -,/,.■  ;-f  .James  (-Jirtv  ;  and  the  lofty  honor  of 

^\  ^^  v"^'/".  -:-'-:  ---I-  -  -  ■  ;-,'^  a  Blackhoof.  Here  niany  of  tlic 
C5^' A -T. '^•'■•~~^^#^  ..  •"  .^: ,' -- '.''i  greatest  orators  of  the  surroundiiig 
^>  :;  :>4jfe;^- '"  ^'  ..-'■  ■l^/i'i-'^i  nations  met  to  discuss  their  griev- 
1|:,  «  "-:!^.:^-\  ^>-,i  ^''Z  jf'^i^iS^^i-/-''^^  ances  ;  and  here  it  was,  at  these  as- 
y^^^-":~~  ''^^^^■y^Pj''~'^^^P  -^^IM  semblies,  that  Blackhoof "s  council 
V'^i'-v  '^''ir  ^^'^'^^'^^^'"•^■^f^''^'^^  was  considered  the  oracle  of  wi.-<(lom 
if:-;  ^  "  " .'   "^-      .'  ■  /  -    -' '.  ^i'/-^"      and  inspinition.     It  was  to  this  town 

''''':^^t^^-^^'^<:^;'^:^'^'i^^^^^''^         that   Blue  Jacket    and    Little   Turtle 
'~--'-     ■..'-':t°T'5^"  <"ame  for  warriors  w(n'thy  tlieir  l>*ad- 

A  nKLi.KOF  K.vKLv  AiGKAiZK.  bTslilp  aTul  hcm  Bla-'khoof  repudi- 
ated Tecumseh  as  a  pretender  and  denounced  The  rroi>het  as  a  fi-aud.  It 
was  Tarhe  the  Crane,  thai,  came  nt  last  to  win  Blackhoof  to  the  inter- 
ests of  Tecumseh  and  failed  ;  it  was  Winnemae.  tlie  mighty  criici  Ottawa, 
tiiat  made  a  tinal  attemjjt  to  force  Blac'khoof  to  place  his  trib(>  in  Die 
hands  of  The  Propliet  and  failed  likewise. 

The  town  was  regularly  visited  by  Indian  Agents  and  by  nutnerous 
traders,  hunters,  and  trappers.  Letters  from  President  .Jetf(^rs<)Ti,  Secre- 
tary Cass,  und  (general  Harrison  were  often  directed  to  this  Indian  capi- 
tal. It  was  hen^  that  (Jolonel  .lohnson  distributed  the  annuities  to  the 
Shawuces.  Seuecus.  Wyandots.  Ottawas,  und  Delawares.  It  became  a". 
iiu])-)rtant  Quaker  mission.  Wa])akonet;i  was  the  name  of  an  Indian 
chi"f .  Wapakoneta  and  Pataskala  are  the  two  most  musical  Indian  nani.>~ 
in  the  state,  some  (.)ne  li;is  said. 


THE    SH A WXKF.> 


1S;5'^  The  Shawnee.-^  had  (JG,000  acres  in  our  connty  uud,  in  conjtuic- 
tion  Av'iti'i  the  Soneeas  at  Lowiston  ju.-^t  .^outh-east  of  the  county,  4><.;'.(>0 
juore.     These   JSenccas  joined   the   h^ha^^•nees  in  their  removal  to  Indian 

Territory  in  1832. 

The  Phawnees  have  a  lon'jr  and  varied  history.     \\  e   know   them   ar 

their  best  wh.ich  covered  the  period  iK-tween  179r,  and  ls3-2.  Their  re]m- 
tation  hefore  that  was  not  -ood.  They  Avere  boastful  and  warlike,  re- 
joicing in  battle,  stratas^em.  deception,  and  carna.t,'e  -.—.slew  old  and  yt 'unK, 
male  and  female  without  pitv  or  remorse.  It  is  stated  that  our  t?ha  wnee.s, 
Miamis,  and  Wvandots  were  (iercer  than  the  Indians  of  the  eastern  coasr ; 
even  more  so  than  the  later  western  ^oux,  Apachees,  and  Cornanchees. 
Thev  were  treacherous,  filthy,  vile,  and  false,  yet  sa-^acious  and  bravt- 
Thev  alvv-ays  beat  us  at  war  until  thev  taught  us  to  kill  men.  women,  and 
children  ;  to  tomahawk  and  scaii)  the  wounded  ;  and  to  butclier  prisoners. 
Yet  tliev  produced  great  orators,  statesmen,  and  generals. 

The  ^il<av.'nees  were  at  home  wherever  they  stoi^ped  ;  whether  m 
Geor^'ia  Xew  York.  Cum})erland  Valley.  Florida,  on  the  south  shore  of 
Lake'^  Michigan,  on  the  Muskinsum.  Sr-ioto,  Mad.  and  Miami  rivers,  or 
in  Au^lai/e  countv.  Restless,  warlike— always  Mghting  with  other  tribes 
or  the"  whites— thev  wasted  from  twelve  tribes  to  four  as  a  result  of  their 
in.-essant  batlies.  Winie  rhe  trii.,-  that  live-1  here  was  a  mere  v^numux . 
vet  it  was  powerful.  The  Tawa  tribe  lived  at  tlie  headwat.n-s  ot  the  Au- 
glaize, a  band  lived  at  Old  Town,  north  of  the  St.  Marys  re.servoir,  and  the 
writer  believes  there  was  a  tribe  west  of  our  state.  These,  witb  the  one 
ut  Wapakoneta,  are  all  the  writer  can  locate  m  the  early  part  ot   the  l.'tli 

Tlie  Shawnees  Wvandots.  Ottawas,  and  Delawares  used  our  county 
at  an  earlv  period  as  a  hunting  ground  but  the  Shawnees  was  the  only 
tribc  thai-  had  its  villages  in  our  county  within  historic  times,  unK-s^ 
some  of  the  Ottawa  towns  near  Fort  Amanda  were  m  tlie  county,  ilie 
■pottawattomies  and  Weas  lived  west  of  us,  the  h^eneeas  just  over  our 
south-eastern  boundarv  at  Lewistown,  the  Ottawas  just  north  near  r  t. 
Amanda  tlie  \Vyandots  northeast  at  Upper  Sandusky  (but  claimed  our 
countv  until  ISIT),  tlie  Miamis  just  south  of  us  at  Puiua  and  Loramie  hut 
later  at  Fort  Wcivne  n.)rthwest  of  here,  and  the  Shawnees  m  our  county  ; 
so  it  is  plain  that  the  Shawnees  occupied  a  central  point. 

Some  of  our  Shawnees  were  intemiierate  and  la/y.  .some  cultiva>.'(l 
their  farms,  some  cooked  good  meals,  others  made  butter  and  a  kind  ..f 
cheese,  while  one  chief  had  a  set  of  carpenter  tools  and  made  i)lows,  har- 
rows wa-ons,  bedsteads,  tables,  bureaus,  etc.  While  of  course  he  se- 
cured his  tools  and  knowled-e  from  the  whites,  he  claimed  the  (.-rreat 
Snirit  had  tau-ht  him  hov.-  to  make  the  above-named  artudes.  \ou  r.>- 
nlember  that  the  Shawnees  were  proud  and  always  claimed  that  all  wis- 
dom originated  witli  them. 

It  is  an  easy  thing  for  a  white  man  to  bc^come  an  Indian  Init  ver>  dil- 
ficult  for  an  Indian  to  become  a  white  man.  A  civili/ed  man  may  drop 
into  barbarism  bv  the  shghtest  incident,  but  it  takes  centuries  t..  civih.e 
a  tribe  of  Indians  as  our  government  will  testify.  \\  hen  "jn-  nation  built 
the  Indians  their  first  hon.ses  in  Indian  Territory,  they  took  the  wiTd<.\;. > 
out  and  burnt  them  and  slept  out  of  doors.  When  oar  wonien  nnd  chil- 
dren were  capture^l  by  the  Indians.  tlu>y  would  ott-n  refuse  to  go  bark  to 
the  whites-invfernng  the  life  of  tlie  savage.     The  Shawnees  had  a  .v  ;- 


xnK  snAWNEES.  TO 

tive  white  wonuin  that  always  refused  to  go  haok  to  the  -whites.  8he 
livefl  to  1)6  nearly  a  luindred  years  old  and  hi^caii\e  a  scjuaAV  lu  a])])t;arauce 
aud  habiis.  The  Indian  is  the  natural  num  ;iud  it  is  easy  to  he  natural. 
Intein])erance.  consum])tiou,  and  scrophulous  diseases  killed  many  ol' 
the  Indians.  Johnson,  the  Indian  a^^ent.  had  seen  them  deeline  from  l'.- 
00  1  to  h^ss  than  >i>0  >ouls  in  our  county.  He  observed  that  there  were 
three  deaths  to  oue  birth  during-  his  acquaintance  with  them. 

The  Indian  had  many  virtues.  He  was  punctual,  honest,  brave,  and 
])atriotic.  Yet  when  he  choose  "roveno^e"  for  his  battle  cry,  his  savatre 
nature  knew  no  bounds.  He  believed  in  witchcraft  and  nuTrdered  those 
stispected  of  beins?  witches,  just  like  we  iised  to  do.  Indians  have  travel- 
ed from  the  Mis.-issipi)i  river  to  Wa])akoneta  to  shoot  down  a  witch  and 
return  unmolested,  alter  the  maimer  our  forefathers  in  xdas.-achusetts. 

When  an  Indian  became  very  sick,  he  was  placed  alone  with  watchers 
in  the  woods  to  die.  At  the  grave  no  one  spoke  and  no  one  looked  back 
as  he  marclied  away. 

The  Shawnees  that  left  Auglaize  in  September,  1S32,  had  found  our 
county  a  very  favorable  hunting  ground,  largely  owing  to  the  ridges  that 
piss  throuudi  our  county.  Earher,  the  Girtys.  McKees.and  French  fur- 
traders  liad  maT\y  stations  here  for  the  ])urchase  of  peltry.  When  the 
(earliest  white  settlers  entered  our  county,  they  found  ir  duu.sely  covered 
with  timber  and  a  vast  number  of  deer  and  other  game  roamed  through 
the  forests.  A  great  many  wolves  thronged  the  dense  timber  and  made 
niglit  hideous  with  their  discordant  serenades. 

The  ])0])ulation  of  the  Shawnees  in  isuo  was  1,449. 
TriH  Ottawas  lived  twelve  tniles  north  of  St.  Marys  near  Ft.  Amanda, 
also  in  the  valleys  of  the  Maumee  and  Sandusky  rivers.     They  belonued 
to  the  gretit  Altronquin  family.     Tlie  famotis  Pontiac  was  an  Ottawa  chief- 
tain.    The  po))ulation  of  the  Ottawiis  in  LsMO  was  4,794. 

TtiK  Del AWARKs  used  our  coitnty  for  a  hunting  ground.  They  lived 
in  the  valleys  of  the  Tuscarawas  and  Muskingum  rivers.  Siiice  they 
seemed  to  be  in  our  county  so  often  and  were  with  the  Shawiiees  so  mticli. 
the  writer  believes  they  also  had  a  town  near  here,  i^ossibly  close  to  tbe 
Ottawas  north  of  us.  They  also  h.ad  a  .settlement  on  White  river,  Illinois. 
Their  population  in  I^UO  was  IT-'jO. 

The  Sexecas  were  an  offshoot  from  the  Iroquoian  family.  One  of 
their  trilies  lived  just  south-east  of  our  county  at  l.ewistown.  They  went 
to  Indian  Territory  with  the  Shawnees  in  1^:J'J.  Their  population  in  Jsuu 
was  ; 5,0 55 

The  Weas  lived  west  of  Auglaize  on  the  State  line. 
The  Fries  lived  south  of  Lake  Erie,  but  were  extinguished   by  the 
Hurons,  according  to  tradition. 

Tin-;  Ciifi'i'EWAS  were  fesv  in  nmnber  and  lived  on  the  south  shore  of 
Lake  Erie.  They  were  the  least  civilized  of  all  the  Indians  in  tiiis .section. 
ls:{'i.  The  Indians  are  gone.  The  reader  must  have  noticed  what  an 
eventful  year  this  was  for  Auglaize  county.  How  (juickly  the  county 
WHS  settled  after  the  treaty  wii  h  the  Sha  wnees  m  1  ^;;i.  This  alone  shows 
what  a  ])ressure  had  been  In-ouu'ht  to  bear  a'-rainst  the  Indians.  What 
happened  when  the  avarice  of  the  wdiite  man  cho.se  the  Sliawnee  reserva- 
tion for  its  objerf:'  Tlie  Sluiwnees  thought  of  lujUKi,  of  tlie  fraud  that 
hafl  deprived  t'heni  of  it.  droiquMl  a  tear,  hung  their  heads,  and  turned 
thiMr  ste])s  M.o  Tail -s  to  th<^  west\MLrd  never  ti>  return.     Tiie  white  man 


80  TRK    snAWXKE-^. 

Oiime  to  t:ike  the  place  of  the  red  man,  to  kill  or  drive  off  the  deer,  wolves, 

hears,  luid  ininthers  and  yoii  know  tlie  rest. 

„__ So  ends  the  storv  of  the  proud 

P:;    .    •■•'■    '  •         -^   warlike  bnawness  that  lived  m  our 

I".  ■'   county  for  fifty  years.     They  wi-i-t^ 

[';'■;,  •    the  disinherited  otYsi)rin^  of  the  Al- 

!%^j.'-_,  !^   gouquin  nation  and  knew  no  super- 

■     ■■        ■  ^    tors   and   acknowledized   no   equals. 

i    They  thouiiht  tliey  spraner  from  the 
j    head  of  tlie  Great  .'^])irit  and  that  all 
'  -        1    other   tribes   were   inferior  because 

,  -.    .     j    they   had  .>^prunir  from  the  inferior 

',.[■:      I    parts  of   the   hotly.     They   thouL-ht 

'        'i    that  they  were  endowed  with  su]>er- 

I    lor  wisdom  and  that  all  the  wisdom 

I    of  other  tribes  came  thromrh  tlu>m. 

1    Brave,  generous,   stron^r,  of  a  wan- 

]    deriug  nature,  their  history  almost 

\    covers    the    United    t^tates.      Their 

-  i    foot-i)rints  may  be  traced  from  the 

J.,. -.,..,.•.  \  ...- --f....;  1    j^reat  cold  lakrs  To   tiie  brond  wani) 

^y.:  ^  :-y--':^\::.^;:.  :'-./y^  :■ :  ;     ■  '^    gulf  ;  from  the  Father  of  Waters  to 

^M^*M^SM;Mi5&^    tlie  Atlantic. 

They   appreciated  nature,  were 

ThcAviiito  Man  iuui  His  1  aiuHv  aiui  fho   aide  orators,  and  luid  a  ricli  lanuuuiie. 

HiiK-k  i;.':n;a!ui  UN  lamiiv  Wfiit  \isit-    Tlicv  wcro  ill  harmoMv  with  nature 

inji »'» i-»fiy  .\ns;i:ti/o.  uutll  the   palc-faco    intrud(^r    swept 

forest  and  savage  away  together  like  a  whirlwind. 

Driven  tluther  and  thitiier.  they  settled  in  Auglaize  county  in  1:n-* 
and  the  treaties  of  Maumee.  lsl7,  and  !St.  ^hirys.  IMS.  sealed  their  rfsi^-- 
vation  to  them  forevt-r.  Ah,  the  false  promises,  the  delusive  hoi)es.  If 
l)ermitted  to  live  here  in  ])eace,  they  would  refu.se  to  engage  in  other  In- 
dian v.-ars  ;  refuse  to  join  England  against  us ;  would  suri-ender  all  their 
wide  hunting  grounds  and  retain  merely  enouuh  to  build  homes  upon  ; 
would  bo  williniT  to  be  educated,  to  cultivate  the  soil,  to  raise  stock,  to 
gather  crops:  would  be  willing  to  renounce  their  ancestrial  lives  and 
jidopt  the  habits  of  civilization.  The  L'nited  States,  tlieir  (4reat  Father, 
])romised  them  ])ea3e  but  changed  his  mind  and  again  cruslu'd  their  hopes 
in  l><;il.  'JVnder  cords  sna|iiied  asunder,  and  warriors  tlnit  knew  not  liow 
to  flinch  before  the  tomahawk  nor  yet  to  weep  before  the  stake.  we))t  like 
a  child  as  they  took  a  last  look  at  their  old  home  on  tlie  Historic  Amriaize. 
It  is  clainied  by  some  writers  that  the  (Quakers  said  the  Shawne-vs 
came  to  Wapak<:»neta  directly  from  Pennsylvania  rather  than  from  Piqua  ; 
but  this  is  hardly  i)robable. 

is:^2.  Now  that  the  Indians  are  gone,  immigration  sets  toward  Au- 
ghiizM  countv.  Within  this  year  came  M.  X.  Shaw,  .b)lin  Tam,  (-i.-.,. 
Ihirkr,  and  Kobt.  and  James  Skinner. 

l^:}-2.  According  to  the  iilan  of  the  writer  tho  '-Kirly  History  of 
Auglaize  County"  ends  with' this  date;  so,  but  little  history  will  be 
added  in  the  following  pages. 

lb'-')'.').     Jacksox    TowN.siiie  was  settled. 


TrtF.    >nAWNF.E.>^.  !^1 

lSo3.     PusnF.TA  Towxsmi'  was  sottled.     It  boro  the  name  of  an   In- 
dian  chief  that  hved  within  its  horders. 
1800.       Salkm     ToWNsHiPwas  settled. 

1833.     German'  Township  was  settled  about  this  date.    There  was  hut 
one  hnt  in  Xew  Bremen  sixty-seven  years  be  fore  1%Ku  and  that  was  built 

of  logs  anci  was  l'2x'24  feet. 
The  hut  ^^•as  so  open  that  doer 
ate  the  straw  of  the  beds 
through  the  ci-acks  between 
the  logs.  Tlie  iirst  building 
erected  for  a  cliurch  and  sehuol 
hoitse  combined,  cost  forty  dol- 
lars. It  wtis  soon  after  this 
date  that  Mr.  Graver,  in  one 
day.  walked  to  Pi(:[ua,  twenty- 
three  miles,  and  carried  home 
a  No.  7  plow  on  his  shouldr-rs. 
1S33.  The  Hog  Creek  tribe 
of  Irihawnees  joined  theiv  t'<'l- 
lows  in  Indian  Territory. 

K'.L     The  (Quaker,   Ilurvey. 
left  our  county  for  the  fthav.-- 
}^^.     neesin   Indian   Territory.     He 
f^'^'^'^'^^ '■■  P  ''-'■]': -^^^i^^if/^^^i     tautrht  school  there  until  l^:Ui 

ly^:^:  .  /  ..^^^^■'T^^i^^^^^,^     wht-n  he  returned  on  account 

^'i- '■'';-■     '  ' '^ '^w^/ /■ 'T!^''^     of  sickness.     The  Indians  were 

',^s^:'\      ;;    ,;.iV  •     ■  '-'^-P^:'      '^:^J:     ^'^^     greatly  attached   to   him   and 

■■,''  -' '  rl\tk        were  dco])ly  grieved  at  his  de- 
parture. 
rt'- ,  '  ?^'    \  .  ^  '  '^'  1>  l^-^^-      Thf^    first    post-otlice 


<   If  .^-^ 


was  criven  New  Bremen. 


^^   'H '^; ■^-■'' ^  .  »'   '   aI.^^'I-^  1s3G.    (toshex  Township  was 

"""^ Jj<»"~^"t:'^^"    . ,      :  :-\  z^^^--^^^^.  organized.       New    Ilampshii-e 


was  laid  out.     This   townsh.ip 


^         .^.^iijr  _  *^     ^}/L..  was  about   one-fourth  covered 

with  water  for  vears  after  the 


first  settlers  came. 

On  tho  Way  to  Karly  Auslaize  From   Soullurii  1^3t5.       WaYNE    To  W  X  S  H  I  I' 

oiii...  built    h(>r    first     sehool-house. 

Since  it  may  Vie  taken  as  a  type  of  (Uir  first  stihools,  it  may  be  described. 
It  was  built  of  logs.  The  windows  were  made  of  paper  greased  with 
coon's  oil.  WritiTig  desks  were  made  of  saplings  hewn  on  one  .side  and 
pins  fastened  in  tb.^  other  for  less.  Th(;  teacher  was  Asa  R.  Mahan.  He 
reeeived  ten  dol'ars  a  month  and  proliably  taught  from  daylight  to  dark, 
six  davs  in  the  week,  and  '-boards-d  "round". 

1N37.     Our  Canal  was  finally  cojnmenced. 

IN  10.  Thk  CoiNTY  t^i.AT  of  Mercer  county  was  i-emoved  from  St. 
Marys  to  Celina. 

J 813.     The  West  Bank  of  our  reservoir  was  completed. 

1810.  The  St.  Makys  Reservoir  was  com])letfd  in  this  year  and  the 
canal  finished.  Dams  and  -,aw-mills  had  been  constructed  along  the  St. 
Marvs  to  saw  luuiber  for  the  locks. 


82 


THE   snAWNKF.S. 


To  understand  what  the  canals  did  for  our  county  you  need  "but  ask 
some  of  the  older  citizens.  You  can  name  foiu"  towns  that  u:rew  u])  alon^: 
its  bank-<.  The  canal  made  ready  markets  and  better  ])rices  for  the 
farmer.  Several  mills  were  built  along  it.  IShmufacturing  and  commerce 
were  stimulated,    population  grew,  and  wealth  increased  rapidly.     The 


^  ■{t^^4iJtl:jL4i^ 


II. I  and   \  irL:iiiiii. 


On  the  Whv  to  Etirly  Au^lai/e  Ironi  i'l-tm-j  1\  ;ii 

canal  was  prosperous  for  many  years  and  was  the  chief  highway  for 
travel  and  transportation.  It  gave  us  intercourse  with  all  ])arts  of  the 
state  and  had  very  much  to  do  with  our  rapid  develoijment.  We  now 
hope  to  see  it  made  a  ship-canal  connecting  the  Great  Lakes  with  the  Ohio 
that  it  may  revive  the  scenes  of  the  fifties  along  its  banks. 


Ask  Your  Oraiirliuother  AVIiat  Those  Are. 

1848.  AuGLAi/K  County  was  formed  from  Allen,  Logan,  Darke, 
Shelby,  Mercer,  and  VanWert  counties.  St.  Marys  was  formerly  in  Mer- 
cer county  and  Rockford  (Shane's  Crossing)  contested  for  the  county  seat. 
St.  Marys  won,  but  lost  it  in  is  10  when  it  was  changed  to  Celina. 

1853.  The  Shawnkks  of  Indian  Territory  had  nut  forgotten  that  they 
had  been  robbed  of  their  rescrvcition  in  i\uglai/-e  county  imd,  ro  doubt, 
still  presssd  their  claim  against  the  United  Stal'^s.  Congress  appropriated 
^06,000  more  and  their  claims  were  extinguished. 

1851.     The  First  Church  was  built  at  St.  Marys,  by  the  Catholics, 

185G.     Cincinnati,  Hamilton   &  Dayton  Railroad  completed. 


1877.     Lake  Erie  &•  Western  Railroad  com])]cted. 

isyo.  The  Indian  wars  h:vve  cost  the  Ignited  States  over  !?SOO,000,Ono. 
The  estimated  losses  from  killed  and  wounded  from  ]7'.tO  to  isf'i  are: 
Ignited  States,  2, !SS2  ;  Indians,  2,445.  Ohio  Indian  population,  1S91),  was 
20G  ;  Auglaize  county,  none.  Though  once  a  powerful  nation,  the  Mianiis 
had  dwindled  to  ;j71  souls  in  1n90.  The  population  of  the  whole  Algon- 
quin family  v.'as  only  1,5-59  in  is'JO. 

luOl.     Columbus  Xortliwestern  Railroad  completed. 

li)01.     Western  Ohio  Railwaj'  in  progress  of  construction. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

Further  evidence  that  tlie  Indians  raised  a  great  deal  of  corn :  In 
August,  1779,  Washington  sent  General  Sullivan  to  the  headwaters  of  the 
SusTjuehanna  to  destroy  forty  towns  and  lt;0,000  bushels  of  corn  which 
belonged  largely  to  the  Senecas.  At  about  the  same  time,  John  Montour 
went  to  the  headwaters  of  the  Alleghtiny  and  destroyed  over  5,000  acres 
of  corn  and  other  vegetables  that  also  belonged  largely  to  the  Senecas. 
He  says  :  -'I  never  saw  finer  corn  but  it  was  planted  much  thicker  than 
v,v  plant  it.*"  'I'iie  r-lunder  tiiken  amounted  to  a  bunt  •■<:!, C^OO  when  sold. 
The  Indians  raised  a  great  deal  of  corn  m  Auglaize  county. 

The  histories  tell  about  Virginia  sending  Washington  and  his  guide, 
Christoi)her  Gist,  three  hundred  miles  over  the  mountains  and  through 
the  forests  to  council  with  the  French  on  Lake  Erie  ;  how  he  was  clad  m 
the  robe  of  an  Indian  ;  how  he  struggled  through  snows,  sle])t  in  frozen 
clothes  on  pine  bru-;h,  broke  through  the  treacherous  ice.  was  fired  at  by 
prowling  savages,  was  thrown  from  a  raft  into  the  rushing  Allegheny, 
escaped  to  an  island  and  waited  until  the  river  was  frozen  over,  ])lunged 
into  the  forest,  and  finally  returned  home.  Teachers  should  add  to  the 
above  that  Washington  was  sent  on  this  mission  in  the  fall  of  175:'.  oecausc 
the  French  had  destroyed  the  first  English  settlement  m  Ohio,  which  was 
at  Loramie,  in  1752.  Thus  Vv'ashington's  mission  is  directly  connected 
with  the  history  of  our  county. 

Murray's  grave-yard  is  about  a  mile  southeast  of  St.  Marys  on  the 
east  bank  of  tlie  river.     James  Murray  was  buried  there. 

Mr.  N.  Swisher  saw  the  Indians  building  hickory-bark  canoes  along 
the  Auglaize.     He  says  they  often  used  hickory-bark  for  this  pur])ose. 

He  once  saw  a  snake  killed  in  the  following  manner  on  thi;  banks  of 
the  AugJaize  : 

About  twelve  deer  came  along  the  trail  in  single  lile  and  found  a 
black-snake  lying  across  their  ]iath.  They  each  jumped  on  and  off  the 
snake  ;  formed  a  circle,  and  continued  until  the  snake  was  killed  and 
badly  mangled  by  their  sharp  cutting  hoofs. 

Esquire  Johns  says  there  was  a  block-house  about  a  mile  north  of  St. 
Marys  on  the  west  bank  of  tlie  riv(^r  near  a  spring. 

Older  citizens  tell  of  a  battle  that  was  fought  with  the  Indians  about 
four  miles  down  the  river  from  St.  Marys. 

Samuel  Scott  was  eiu'ht  y^^ars  old  when  he  came,  with  other  mem- 
bers of  a  large  family,  to  this  county.  His  father  brou,!,'lit  about  20  shei']j, 
2(J  hogs,  and  <J0  head  of  cattle. 

Tlie  Ohio  river  rose  seventy-one  feet  during  the  flood  of  1lSS4. 


S4  'rnK    SHAWN'KfN. 

IIow  w-oiild  it  <lo  for  St.   M;uy-.  t'l  ovcvt  modest  sluLft>  to  mark  tlm 

H— Sjt..  nf  .i;niii\--  <iii!  V  s  ha!  i.uvclutscd  by  Jumos  Murniy  in  1  .'.'.). 
1)__Sit.'  "f  ]•>    ^::.  Marys  •■nH'tPil  in  1 TH  I  or   170.')  by  ordor  of  (ienpnil 

'(..__;  .in>  ••!:  i''r.  Barboe  rreotiHl  in  1^1  .  by  order  of  t^eiun-al  Harrison. 

a_.Sir-'  .>f  Tr;  a^v  <:^'  ^-     "birx  -■.   "  ■■  I'-'.  .  _ 

\Yi^hin  unr  [•■n.intv  m-puum^nts  ninj;bt  also  mark  tbc  location  ot  1m. rt 

Au-hri-e     I't.  An^anda,  t\w  i,'ra^'--■  <>^'  Wuimk^iu-ra  ;;nd  Hlickbnof.  ana 

tho'^"r.'.it    S)ia'vih>  '  <  '.i;;!;!',!  [bn;-^;-      r^belby  eounly  sliuvdd  erucl  a  sTn1al)lo 

nvJiraiiMi!'  ■■•i-   Ij''ian\iH.  ■,     ,    t  *. 

^*^,()  Tbf  hn so  mastodon  and  the  jrreat  beaver  selected  our  county 
•IS  a  liome  soon  after  the  lee  A-e.  as  evidencu-d  hy  their  remains  Lar^r 
the  turkev  deer,  bear,  wolf,  panther,  and  other  \Yiid  animals  thronged 
our  forf^tV  SoTne  of  these,  tosether  with  our  lakes  and  ridges,  attracted 
the  rel  man  of  the  l-^time  Age,  who  left  the  evidences  of  his  residence  m 
th'-  numerous  stone  implements  and  tools  now^  found  ui)on  the  ground. 
Then  the  Miamis,  Wvandots,  and  Shawnees  followed  withm  historu^  tunes. 
When  white  men  first  heard  of  our  ]>art  of  the  tShite  it  may  have 
been  inhabited  bv  the  Erie.s,  who  became  involved  in  a  war  with  the  Tro- 
uuois  and  appareutlv  wei  o  t-aiir.-l/  c-vtermiuat.^d.  luv  a  imiultvd  y.>ar> 
before  it^  occupation  by  white  settlers  a  large  portion  of  Ohio  was  an  un- 
occupied wilderness,  visited  only  by  passing  bands  of  savages,  or  by  a 
few  daring  explorers  and  hardy   traders. 

It  i-,  claimed  bv  some  that  the  Wvandots  did  not  settle  in  our  part  ot 
the  State  until  17ai,  when  they  fled  from  Detroit  to  Sandusky  and  .-hang- 
ed their  name  from  Hurons  to  Wvandots.  -,  t       ■  • 

Our  countv  has  been  claimed  by  the  Indians,  Spam  and  Louisiana, 
Franco  Oiiebec  and  England.  Virginia  and  the  United  States^  It  was  in- 
cluded in  B.aTtetoust  county,  irt'.'J  ;  in  Ilhnois  county,  ITTS;  Wayne  coun- 
tv IT'io  •  and  parts  of  it  liave  been  within  the  former  boundaries  ot  All.-n. 
Locran',  Darke,  Shelby,  Mercer,  and  Van  Wert  counties.  The  present 
boundaries  of  Auglai/e  were  estabhshed  in  IS  IS,  ■       ^^      , 

Our  county  figures  largely  in  the  remains  of  the  (4reat  Ice  Age  ;  m  om- 
A^e  of  Mastodons  ;  in  the  weapons,  tools,  and  implements  of  the  St.M.e 
A-e  •  in  all  the  oreat  western  Indian  wars  ;  in  the  War  ot  isrj  ;  and  in  all 
ihc  later  conilicts  of  our  countv  not  mentioned  m  this  history. 

Tlie  V\.v^n-i   reservoirs  ;   canal ;  four  steam  railways  ;  electric    railway  ; 

.rood   Dikes  "large  gravel-banks  ;  variety    of    soil  :  healthful  climate:  .)il 

rndustries-  numerous  factories  ;  thrifty  farmers  :  successful  business  men  ; 

.ood  schools:  intelligent,  law-abiding,  and  progressive  citi/.e.i..hii) ;  with 

home-'     P-opertv,    ri-hts,    hberty,   and   hfe  in-otected  by  such  a  State  as 

oandin  such  a  nation  as   the   United  States,-all   these   distnmuish 

X    -laize  countv  as  one  of  the  most  desirable  al)od.^s  tor  man  m  the  world. 

-  '       In  UK)(U)hio  ranks  as  the  fourth  state  of  the  Union  in  population. 

Her  inhabitants  number  I,ir.7,r.  to.     She  is  the  second  state   m   manutac 

n-im    and  coTumercial  intere-^ts.  fh-st  in  value  of  farms  and  manulacture 

of  a!^ri.-.ilt.ural  machinery:  produces  annually    great   (juantities   of    coa  . 

i''on    salt    petroUnim.  limestone,  wheat,  corn,  Ihmr,  toi.acco,  fruit,  ^^•ool, 

ive^^'tock,  and  dairv  products  :   has   twenty-three  representatives  in  (  on- 

''ro.s  uui  th-  Electoral  CoUeg..,  and  is  recogni/od  as  one  ol   the  foremost 

Smt-s  in  T>oHtical  and  industrial  iniportance,  and  in  general  prosperity. 

Fverv  J  Republican  President  since  i.inc(>ln  was  born  m  Ohio. 


M!<CFTJ,AXf.ol-s.  S;5 

THE  SHAWXEES  AT  WAPAKONETA. 


A  H1ST(  )l;l(  A  I.  J  IN(  ILK. —  1  7N-.>.  1  s;',','. 

Astray  in  the  wildorness.  driven  frmn  home, 
The  Slmwiici's  to  "\Vii]i;il<:o7ietii  did  roam. 
The  l)anl:s  of  Armlai/.t^  luid  liardly  Ijeon  I'ouJid 
Till  Indian  WigwaTns  dotted  tlie  ground. 

Here  Wapulcojirta.  the  chief  of  liis  trihe, 
And  L'jLnin.  the  frit-nd  of  tlic  wlate  man,  reside  ; 
Bhie  Jaeket,  a.s  weU  us  The  'J'nrtle  ?o  brave, 
t-^eleeted  sueii  warriors  no  other  tribe  gave  ; 

Teoumseh,  pretender,  was  strii>])ed  of  his  mask 
By  Bhickhot^if  wiiose  judirmeut  then  found  it  no  task  ; 
The  Prophet.  •  tlie  \vi/,ard,  the  brother.;  bemeaned 
Andi  by  the  same  oracle  ])roven  a  lieud. 

Here  Johnny  and  Brighthorn  met  Logan  their  friend — 
Not  chief  of  the  Mingoe.s — he  had  no  "revenge". 
Here  Johnson,  the  agent,  selected  the  .scout. 
Ahj.-t  daring  by  far  oi  any    tv.rre  out. 

The  liunter,  the  trapper,  tht^  trader  met  here 

'J'o  deal  in  the  i)eltry  long  year  after  year. 

When  'J'arhe  (Tlie  Crane;  of  Tecumseh  had  dreams, 

To  hiiu  our  old  Blackhoof  oxp(ised  the  bad  schemes. 

Here  WinntMiiac,  mighty,  cruel  Ottawa  chief, 
Did  come  to  apjjcase  but  met  with  such  grii'f  ; 
He  found  he  had  r(Hi.<ed  such  a  terrible  band 
That  it  soon  luq)])ened  he  fell  at  their  hand. 

Here  Roundhead,  tlie  war7-ior,  came  T^rophet  to  meet. 
Saying  '-If  you're   from  Heaven  IT  kneel  at  yc^ui-  feet"  ; 
But  our  chiefs  again  the  illusions  dispell, 
Pronouncing  The  Prophet  the  agent  of  indl. 

Here  Harvey,  the  (Quaker,  the  witch  doth  save 
By  off 'ring  his  life  in  place  to  the  knave. 
Here  Senecas.  Wyandots,  Delawares  join 
The  Ottawas,  Shawnees  (for;  Samuel's  coin. 

The  ILercest  and  proudest  of  Indian  bands — 
Their  home  was  the  center  of  Indian  lands  : 
A  council  was  here  befm'e  a  cam])aiirn — 
A  council  was  here  when  over  again. 

In  this  ca])ital  town  for  some  forty  odd  years, 
(3ur  Samtiel's  Indian  business  aijpears, 
Jelfer->on.  Harrison,  CasH  inscrilie 
Some  letters  of  note  to  this  ])Owerful  triljo. 

(Cincinnati,  Detroit,  where  the  courts  were  held — 
The  judires  through  here  to  ])ass  were  comixdled. 
\Vheu  they  sto])])od  over  night,  so  ])Ieased  were;  tlie  trilie, 
Tl'C  squaws  and  tlu^  bucks  gavf^  a  dance  on  tlie  side. 


SC  IMISCKI.I.ANFOUS. 

We  took  llu'ir  last  titlo  by  fnuul  and  by  force   » 
And  left  tlie  whole  tribe  but  little  recourse  : 
\VHr\ve]eii]iy,  orator.  s:ink  in  his  tears 
While  showing  his  tril)e  "There  is  fraud  it  appears". 

•  A  connnittee  was  sent  the  Great  Fatlier  to  see 

At  Wasliini:ton  city  ami  make  a  la.->t  plea  ; 
Wayweleapy,  Parks,  Duchouquet,  and  Buck 
Joined  Blackhoof  and  Perry  to  try  for  good  luck. 
The  journey  was  Ion-;  and  the  roads  there  were  none. 
The  weather  was  co!d, — but  little  was  done. 
So  civilization  had  leveled  the  old 
To  sive  to  tlie  nkw  h  tinner  hold. 

Here  witchcraft,  polygamy,  torture  were  stayed 
By  the  heart  of  the  (.Quaker — not  avarice'  blade. 
Here  .Johnson,  the  aueut,  saw  two  thousand  strong 
Reduced  to  eight  hundred  by  sickness  and  wrong. 

Though  their  star  it  had  set,  they  now  wind  a'jain 
Near  eight  hundred  miles  across  the  great  i)lain. 
As  trloomv  and  sad  tbev  turn  froTu  their  liome. 
You'll  glonly  virtues,  their  lauits  will  condone. 

The  forest  iiriraeval  has  gone  from  us  now, — 
The  trails  are  all  turned  by  the  whjte  man's  plow. 
While  our  liljerty  bell  was  ringinir  their  knell. 
It  proclaimed  to  Progress  that  --All  is  well'". 

Anonymous. 

TiiK  Bi,.u-K  Hawk  war  broke  out  in  the  Northwest  Territory  in  ls:V2. 
Like  the  Shawnees,  the  Sacs  and  Foxes  had  sold  their  lands  to  the  i^overn- 
ment,  but  unlike  them  they  refused  to  leave.  War  followed,  Black  Hawk 
their  famous  chief  was  cajjtured  and  the  Indians  forced  frt-'in  their  homes. 

TnK  Skminolk  War,  Florida.  be2:an  in  ISii.-j.  The  Seminoles,  too. 
had  sold  their  lands  to  the  United  States  but  refused  to  move.  Osceola. 
chief  of  the  Seniinoles,  was  so  defiant  that  General  Thonqjson  had  to  ])ut 
him  in  chains  before  he  would  consent  to  the  treaty.  As  soon  as  he  was 
relea.sed  he  plotted  a  general  massacre  of  the  whites,  shot  General  Thomp- 
son while  at  dinner,  waylaid  and  killed  a  hundred  men  undei-  Major  Dade, 
fled  into  tlie  evenrlades  of  Florida  wliere  his  men  were  linally  conquered 
in  lNl-,\  Do  you  blame  Osceola?  (J.  W.  Fatten  has  written  a  poem  giv- 
ing his  supposed  s])eech.  The  woi'ds  of  this  j^oem  might  have  been  those 
of  C)ur  Shawnees  ])rio7-  to  ITiiT).  when  their  vengence  was  aroused.  The 
lX)em  in  part  : 

TllF  SKMINOLK'S  DEFIANCE. 

I've  scared  vou  in  tlie  city  ;  I"ve  scal])ed  you  on  the  plain  ; 

(io,  coimt  your  chosen  wliere  they  fell  beneath  my  leaden  ram  1 

I  scorn  yovir  ]»ro}fc!-ed  treaty  ;  the  paleface  I  d<'fy  ; 

Kcvenge  is  stamped  upon  my  spear,  and  '-blood"  my  battle-cry  ! 


MI.--CT.LI.AF.Fi>US.  ^7 

Some  strike  for  hope  of  booty  ;  HOine  to  dofend  their  ;ill — 

I  battle  for  the  joy  I  have  to  se(^  the  white  mau  fall 

1  love,  among  the  wounded,  to  hear  his  dyintz;  moan. 

And  catch,  while  chanting  at  his  side,  tlio  music  of  his  <;r()an. 

You've  trailed  me  throui2,h  the  forest:  you've  tracked  me  o'er  the 

stream  ; 
And  stru^'u:lin','  fhrouL'h  the  everglades,  your  bristlimr  bayonets  i^leam  ; 
But  1  stand  as  siiould  the  warrior,  with  his  ritle  and  his  sj)ear  ; 
The  scalp  of  vengence  still  is  red,  and  warns  you,   "C<nne  not  here  !" 

I  loathe  you  with  mv  bosom  I     I  scorn  you  with  mine  eye  ! 
And  I'll  taunt  you  with  my  latest  breath,  and  light  you  till  I  die  ! 
1  ne\  r  wil!  ask  for  quarter-,  an-1  I  ne'er  will  be  your  slave  : 
But  I'll  swim  the  sea  of  slaughtf  r  till  1  sink  beiieatli  the  wave  1 


SfR.v<:iK  very  truthfully  and  elegantly  says  in  part :— NotTiiany  gen- 
erations agi)  where  vou  now  sit  encircled  by  all  that  exalts  and  embel- 
lishes civili/.ed  life,  the  rank  thi:;rle  nodded  in  the  wind  and  the  wild  f«»: 
dug  hi-  hole  un^-art'd.  Br'n;-:itl!  tAu-  sumc  >-un  that  rolls  .^vtn-  your  head, 
the" Indian  hunter  pursued  the  panting  deer;  gazing  on  the  same  moon 
that  Miiiles  for  you  the  Indian  lover  wooed  his  dusky  mate.  Here  tht^ 
wigwam  bla/e  beamed  on  the  tender  and  helpless  and  the  council-fire 
glared  on  the  wi>c  and  daring.  Now  they  di]jp<'d  their  noble  limbs  in 
your  sedgy  lakes,  now  they  ])addled  their  light  canoes  along  your  winding 
str.-ams.'''Here  thev  warred  ;  the  echoing  whoop,  the  liloody  grai)ple,  tlie 
defying  death  song,  all  were  here  ;  and.  when  the  tiger-strife  was  ovin\ 
here  curled  the  smoke  of  peace. 

Here  too  they  worshii)ed  ;  and  from  inany  a  dark  bosom  went  up  a 
fervent  praver  to  the  Great  Spirit.  God  had  not  written  his  laws  for 
them  on  tables  of  stone,  but  he  had  traced  them  on  the  tables  of  their 
hearts.  The  poor  Indian  knew  nothing  of  the  God  of  llevelation,  but  tlic 
(■}od  of  the  universe  he  acknowledged  in  everything  around.  He  beheld 
him  in  the  star  that  sank  in  beauty  behind  his  lonely  dwellinii' ;  in  th." 
great  orb  that  flamed  ..n  his  from  his  mid-day  throne  ;  in  the  llower  that 
snai)ped  in  the  mominsi  breeze;  in  the  lofty  oak  that  delied  a  thou.sand 
whirlwinds  ;  in  the  timid  warbhn-  that  never  left  his  native  grove  ;  lu  the 
fearless  eagle  whose  untired  ])inion  was  wet  in  clouds  ;  in  the  worm  that 
crawled  at  his  feet ;  and  in  his  own  matchless  form. 

But  all  this  has  pas.-ed  awav.  Across  tlie  ocean  came  a  pilgrim  bark 
bearing  the  seeds  of  life  and  death.  The  seeds  of  life  were  sown  for  you  : 
the  seecls  of  death  s])rang  up  in  the  path  of  the  simple  native.  Two  hun- 
dred years  have  changed  the  diameter  of  a  great  continent  and  Idotted 
forever  from  its  face  a  wh-.le  ix-culiar  people.  Here  and  there  a  stricken 
few  remain  to  remind  us  how  miserable  is  man  when  the  foot  of  the  con- 
Mueror  is  on  his  neck. 

As  a  race  they  have  withered  from  the  land.  Tl'.eir  arrows^  are 
broken,  their  sprini/s  are  dried  U]),  their  caljins  are  in  the  dust.  -L'keu- 
council  lire  has  long  since  gone  out  and  tlieir  war-cry  is  fa.-^i  lading  intnt; 
west.  Blowlv  and  sadlv  tliey  climb  the  distant  mountain  and  read  their 
doom  in  the  settiiur  sun.  Tii.iv  are  shrinking  before  the  mighty  tide 
.which  is  in-es>imr  tliem  avrav;  they  must  soon  liear  the  roar  ot  the  last 


?!>;  MfsOni.LAXKi.'LS. 

wave  which  vrill  settl('  over  thcui  forover.  Ages  honeo  tlic  inquisitive 
white-man,  as  he  stands  by  tlieir  disturlxul  remains,  will  wonder  to  what 
manner  of  i)eisons  they  helon^^ed.  Tliey  will  live  only  in  tht;  somrs  and 
chronieles  of  tl^zise  that  crushed  them.  May  we  romeniher  their  virtues 
and  i)ay  due  tribute  to  their  unhappy  fate  as  a  peo])ie. 

!^ei:A(;iK  in  his  ''Prospect  of  The  Cherokees"'  might  as  well  have  had 
in  mind  our  ^:«ha\vnees.  He  writers,  when  somewhat  changed,  in  i)arr,  as 
follows  : 

"Whither  are  the  Indians  to  go V  What  are  the  benefits  to  them  of 
the  change y  These  (]nestions  are  answered  by  false  promises.  Tliey  now- 
live  by  tiie  cultivation  of  the  soil  and  the  mechanical  arts.  It  is  proposed 
to  send  them  from  their  farms  and  gardens  to  a  distant  and  unsubdued 
wilderness:  to  remove  tlieni  from  their  v,-orl:-shop^<,  their  schools,  and 
f.hurehes  near  the  white  settlements  to  frowning  forests,  surrounded  witli 
naked  savages,  that  tliey  may  become — enlightened  and  civilized  I 

2  Who  is  brave  enough  to  look  an  Indian  in  tlie  face  and  tell  the 
truth?  Say  to  him: — •••We  and  our  fathers,  for  more  than  forty  yeai-s. 
liavejnade  you  the  most  solemn  promises;  we  now  violate  and  trample 
\ipou  them  all :  but  oif'er  yoxi  in  their  stead — anotlier  solemn  iiromise." 
AVest  of  the  Mississip]ii,  our  tribe  will  be  attacked  by  the  primitive  tribes, 
will  suiVer  for  foi-d  and  the  living  orphan  will  lu;-  i_)un;;d  vnth  rhe  dr-.ul 
Tuother  because  no  one  can  spare  it  food. 

3  "Our  conscience  speaks  to  us  and  reminds  us  of  the  time  when  not 
what  we  have  done  for  ourselves  but  what  we  have  done  for  others  will 
)h)  our  joy  and  stremnh  ;  when  to  havi^  secured  even  a  poor  and  des])i.'^ed 
Indian,"  a'  spot  of  earth  upon  which  to  rest  his  aching  head— to  have  given 
him  but  a  cup  of  cold  water  in  charity — will  be  a  greater  treasure,  thaii 
to  have  been  conquerors  of  kingdoms  and  lived  in  luxury  upon  the  s])r)il>/ ' 

IMiss  Fkaxcis,  in  her  "Lone  Indian"  might  have  referred  to  some  of 
the  Shawnees  that  returned  on  a  visit  to  Wa])akoneta,  to  stand  by  the 
graves  of  tlieir  departed  and  meditate  on  hap])ier  days.     She  says,  in  part : 

"For  thirty  years  after  they  were  driven  away,  the  lone  Indian  was 
seen  to  return  in  autumn  and  stand  by  the  grave  of  his  departed.  His 
step  was  then  tirm,  his  figure  erect,  though  he  seemed  old  and  way-worn. 
Age  had  not  dimmed  the  fire  of  his  eye,  but  an  exiiression  of  dee])  melan- 
clfoly  had  settled  on  Ids  wrinkled  brow.  The  great  chief  had  come  to  lie 
down  and  die  lyeneath  the  broad  oak  that  shadowed  the  grave  of  Sunny- 
eye. 

"On  this  last  visit,  alas,  he  found  the  white  man's  ax  had  been  there. 
The  tree  he  had  planted  was  dead  ;  the  vine  wiiich  had  leaped  so  vigor- 
ously from  branch  to  branch,  now  yellow  and  withering,  was  falling  to 
the  ground.  A  deep  groan  burst  from  the  soul  of  the  savage.  For  thirty 
wearisome  years  he  had  watched  that  oak  with  its  twining  tendrils.  They 
were  the  oiily  things  left  in  the  wide  world  for  him  to  love  and  they  were 

jjone. 

"lie  looked  abroad.  The  hunting-land  of  his  tribe  was  changed  liki^ 
its  chiefhiiu.  ^o  liirht  canoe  now  shot  down  the  rivi'r  like  a  bird  on  the 
wing.  The  hidenedljoat  of  the  white  man  alone  br»  tke  its  smooth  .surface. 
T'he^vhite  man's  road  wound  like  a  serpent  around  the  banks  ;  and  iron 
hoofs  had  so  beaten  down  the  war-path,  that  a  hawk's  eye  could  not  dis 
cover  an  Indian  track.  The  last  wigwam  was  destroyed  ;  the  sun  locked 
down  boldlv  upon  the  spot  ho  had  only  visited  by  stealth  during  tliousands 


MIsrr.I.LANKOUS.  nO 

and  th(jusan(ls  of  innoiis  ;  for  tlio  Jnditms  liad  dostroycd  ;ill  evidcucos  of 
graves  and  did  not  wish  the  wliitc  jiuin  to  know  where  they  were  loeated). 
"All  things  si)oke  a  sad  language  to  the  heart  of  the  desolate  Indian. 
He  said  :  'Tht^  oak  and  the  vine,  like  my  peopk-,  are  eut  down  and 
train])!' d  on.  Tiie  li>av<^s  are  fulling  and  tlie  elonds  are  scattering  like  my 
peoplf.  1  wish  I  eould  once  more  see  tlie  trees  standing  tiiiclc  as  they  did 
when  my  moth(>r  held  me  to  her  bosom  and  snug  the  warlike  deeds  of  tlu* 
Miiluiwks.  The  white  man  carries  food  to  his  wife  and  eliildi'en  and  Jn- 
tinds  them  in  his  home  :  hut  where  is  the  s(juaw  and  pappoose  of  the  red 
7naii?  They  are  here  (■])ointinu' to  tlie  grave,. "  A  mingled  ex]n'essir)n  uf 
grief  and  anger  ])assed  over  his  face  as  he  watched  a  loaded  boat  in  its 
]>a>.sage  across  the  stri.>am.  He  lixed  liis  eye  tlioughtfally  on  the  grave. 
Alter  a  i^-looiny  .-ik-rice.  he  again  Ir.ol;.'.!  ari/'aivl  upon  the  scene  with  a 
wandering  and  troubled  gaze.  Said  he  :  -TJie  pale  lace  may  like  it  but  an 
Indian  cun  riot  die  here  in  ]ieace.'  So  saying  lu^  In'oke  his  how-striny, 
snu])]h'd  liis  arrw\s--:,  threw  them  on  thi^  liurial  place  ni  his  fathers,  and 
dei»artfd  forev<-i".'' 

THE  MASTODOX. 

(  )m  Tnc'o  :;  no  n-.stiTictii^n  ismnde  herwt^en  tiie  nuistodou  and  7nammr)th 
but  thcrf  is  a  diflVrenco.  The  mastodon  was  generally  smaller,  ])rohal)l\- 
had  shorter  hair,  and  its  teeth  had  but  from  three  to  tive  cross-ridges  t»f 
enamel  while  those  of  the  mammoth  havt;  more.  The  elephant  also  dif- 
fers slightly  from  thi'se  animals.  Its  frame  is  nearly  as  tall  as  that  of 
the  mastodon  l)Ut  delicate  m  comparison. 

In  HU-'i  remains  of  the  mastodon  were  found  but  were  not  certainly 
identihed  until  lSo"i.  The  hrst  bones  of  this  animal  studied  by  the  scien- 
tific men  of  Europe  were  taken  to  France  from  Kentucky  m  J  7'-'>'.). 

Its  range,  in  America  was  from  a  point  north  of  Lake  Erie  far  into 
South  America  and  from  tlie  ('onnecticut  river  to  the  lioeky  mountai7is  ; 
also  in  ( )regou  and  Califo)-nia.  The  greatest  nutnber  of  bones  have  l)e.'n 
found  in  Big  Bone  Salt-Lick,  Kentucky,  and  i^t  Kimmswick  Bone  Hill, 
near  St.  Louis. 

Those  i)ersons  that  have  witnessed  hogs  struggliiig  to  get  to  the  feed- 
trough  must  have  noticed  tliar  they  are  not  very  considerate  of  their  fel- 
lows. In  like  manner,  if  a.  herd  of  mastodf)ns  should  follow  a  trail  throngli 
the  fon^sts  to  some  salt-lick  or  swamp,  in  tlieir  eagerness  to  get  salt  or 
water,  those  coming  in  the  rear  might  shove  those  in  front  into  the 
swamps  to  be  buried.     Their  remains  are  generally  found  in  sucli  places. 

Hair  from  one  and  a  lialf  to  s(!ven  inches  long  and  of  ;i  dull  l)rown 
color  was  found  with  remains  in  New  York  and  at  the  mouth  of  tlie  Wa- 
bash. So  some  of  t!ie~e  animals  must  have  had  hair.  Th<Mnastodon  had 
twenty-four  teeth — six  in  each  .side  of  each  jaw.  The  six  did  not  all  ap- 
pear at  once  but  in  succession  as  the  older  otu^s  wore  out.  Tlu.iy  increased 
in  size  from  the  fir^t  to  tlie  last  wliich  was  aliout  ten  inches  long,  fom* 
wide,  arul  weighed  from  ten  to  twelve  pounds,  "^rhis  animal  ate  grass. 
reeds,  leaves,  twigs  uj)  to  one-half  inch  in  diametcj-,  bri:;sh,  and  ])rol)al)ly 
fruit  and  roots  ;  but  some  of  the  tusks  were  too  much  curved  for  digging 
roots.  From  four  to  six  bushels  of  sacli  matei'i.il  havi^  been  fiiund  witli 
tin?  remains  of  one  of  these  uTiimals. 

The  extinction  of  ttie  mastodon  may  have  been  due  1o  change  in  eli- 
mat<\  exhaustion  of  suitabli>  food,  or  to   other  animals  sucli   as    blood- 


90  MTS^•RLhAXFO^^^. 

suckci'S,  or  to  man.  The  reniains  found  in  Anarlaize  coiinty  arc  those  ol' 
the  mastodon  although  the  nmnnnotli  probably  lived  here  as  bones  of 
that  animal  have  bt-en  lonnd  in  ditVerent  x)arts  of  Ohio. 


THE  MAMMOTH. 

It  was  the  mammoth  that  lived  in  Siberia  and  this  may  have  been 
either  before  or  after  he  was  here.  Some  of  these  animals  were  eiu'litt'cn 
feet  in  height.  The  Siberian  mammoth  had  three  coats  of  hair;  nm^ 
rough,  black,  and  about  eighti-en  inelies  long  ;  a  .second  was  shorter,  mori' 
closely  set,  finer,  fawn-colonel,  and  from  nine  to  ten  inches  long  ;  while 
the  tiiird  was  soft  reddish  wool,  and  about  five  inches  long.  It  had  a 
copious  rnane  upon  its  neck  and  along  its  back.  The  curve  of  the  tusks 
rangt'd  from  nearly  straight  here  to  thrce-ciuarters  of  a  circle  in  Siberia. 
Pro])abl.v  the  ])icture  on  page  six  resembles  the  maminoth  of  this  country 
and  with  somewhat  shorter  hair  also  the  mastodon. 

The  teeth  were  larger  than  those  of  the  mastodon.  One  found  near 
Zanesville  was  eighteen  inclies  long  and  weighed  seventeen  pounds.  In 
nitnibp)-  and  ?neth<:.d  of  /vi.wth  tb.ov  wfi-e  laru^^ly  th'^  s^wne  as  t]it)s(^  >  .f  1 1-' 
mastodon.  The  last  tooth  occupied  tlie  whole  side  of  the  jaw.  Tlie 
Asiatic  elephant  has  very  similar  teeth. 

The  range  was  wide : — from  Siberia  to  westerTi  Europe  and  as  far 
south  as  Rome  ;  and  from  B'diriutr  strait  to  the  (Tulf  of  Mi^xico.  The  re- 
mains of  twenty -five  have  been  fomid  with  those  of  the  hundred  masto- 
dons in  Big  Bone  Salt  Lick  thirty  miles  down  the  Ohio  from  Cincinnati. 
The  mammoth  first  appeared  in  Europe  and  Asia  many  thousands  of  years 
after  the  mastodon  made  its  first  ap])earance  there,  but  the  two  lived  here 
together.  However,  the  mammoth  probably  became  extinct  before  the 
mastodon  did  in  this  country  because  the  remains  of  the  mastodon  are  so 
much  T)otter  preserved  ;  but  they  both  lived  here  as  late  as  the  early  iiart 
of  the  Recent  Period.  J.  P.  Maclean  has  vvritten  an  excellent  book  on 
"Mastodon,  Mainmoth,  and  Man"  ;  ])ul)lished  by  The  Robert  Clarke  Com- 
pany, Cincinnati. 

Nearly  all  countries  have  historical  accounts  of  the  early  discovery  of 
huge  bones  ;  but  in  early  ti7nes  they  were  ascribed  to  fatnilous  gods,  heroes. 
and  giants.  No  doubt  but  many  of  these  were  the  bones  of  the  mammotl) 
or  mastodon.  A  monster  knee-cap  was  ascribed  to  Ajax  ;  a  skeleton  tliir- 
teen  feet  in  length  was  said  to  be  that  of  ( )restes  ;  about  11  .■")('.  the  bones  o*" 
several  "giants"' were  discovered  in  France;  in  1517  a  "giant"  nini;teen 
feet  tall  was  discovered  ;  in  ]0G:>  Leibniz  constructed  a  "unicorn"  with  a 
dozen  teeth  in  each  jaw  and  each  a  foot  long  and  with  the  tusk  of  a 
mammoth  in  the  middle  of  the  forehead  for  the  horn  :  (iermany  Ixtlieved 
in  this  unicorn  for  thirty  vears.  In  nearly  every  instance  these  fal.se  con- 
clusions were  reached  by  the  learned  man  of  the  day.  lu  17i')o  gigantic 
bones  were  discovered  thirtv  miles  south  of  Allmny,  New  York,  (-iover- 
ornor  Dudley  of  ^Massachusetts  s;iw  the  teeth  and  wrote  to  tJottoji 
Mather:  • -I  am  perfectly  of  the  o])inion  tiiat  the  tooth  (which  may  have 
weighed  from  ten  to  eighteen  ])ounds)  will  a.uree  only  to  a  human  body, 
for  whom  only  the  THIC  FI/)Or)  could  ]n'e]»are  a  funeral.  Without  doubt 
he  waded  as  long  as  lie  could  kee])  hi>i  head  above  th(^  clouds,  Imt  mu^t. 
at  length,  be  confounde(l  with  all  otlier  creatures".     (^Juoti'd  by  Maclean. 


MlsfF.l.l-\NF,o\--;.  91 

TPIE  ELEPHANT. 

Tho  mastodon,  nianimoth.  and  elev>hant  shade  off  into  one  another 
with  little  or  ao  seusihlc  distinction.     Their  traits  miist  have  been  very 
similar.     The  mastodoTi  having  once  been  numerous  in  our  country,  we 
])rr)biibly  have  the  most  interest  in  him.     We  may  guess  at  some  of  his 
eliaraeteristics  from  those  of  the  ele])hunt. 

The  el(  pliant  continues  to  grow  for  over  thirty  years  and  has  been 
known  to  live  one  liundred  un.i  thirty.  T!ie  mother  is  never  le.ss  than 
fifteen  years  old.  Tiie  calf  has  considerable  hair  at  first,  and  sucks  witli 
its  mouth,  not  with  its  trunk. 

Sometimes  as  many  as  four  million  men  lierd  together  as  at  London. 
Elephants  also  live  in  herds.  Like  wild  geese  and  men  they  have  a  leader 
that  all  follow  and  defend  if  necessary.  If  ont^  leaves  tlio  herd,  no  other 
will  adopt  it,  so  it  lives  alone  and  becomes  very  sulky. 

T!ie  elej)haut  is  used  in  war,  in  the  tiger  hunt,  as  a  beast  of  burden, 
for  food,  and  for  ivory.  As  many  as  a  hundred  thousand  have  been  slain 
for  ivory  in  a  single  year.  Africans  ar3  very  fond  of  his  flesh.  As  many 
as  thirty-two  soldiers  can  ride  on  one  animal  at  a  time  ;  but  he  often  be- 
eo!nes  confu.-<ed  iu  battle  and  does  more  harm  than  good.  He  has  been 
used  in  war  from  time  immemorial.  In  India  he  is  used  in  road-making 
and  bridge- buildinu-.  and  can  lil'i  a  1j^  \v.,'i'_iiinu'  half  a  ton  v,-ith  his  tu>j;s. 

A  working  t-Iephant  eats  two  hundred  pounds  of  green  stuff  and  one 
bu.shel  of  grain  per  day.  H(^  likes  grass,  foliage,  shrubs,  roots,  grain  and 
is  es])eciully  fond  of  fruit  of  all  kinds.  He  pulls  branches  down  with  his 
triink  and  natives  say,  with  the  iielp  of  oMiers,  he  can  uproot  trees  thir- 
ty feet  high  with'  his  trunk  and  tusks.  He  may  uproot  them  for  some- 
tiiing  that  grows  on  top  or  for  the  roots.  Some  species  that  feed  largely 
on  grass  have  no  tusks.  The  tusks  are  also  used  for  defense.  With 
tliose  that  turn  upward  and  outward  the  ele])hant  has  been  known  to  toss 
a  tig»M'  tliirty  feet ;  while  tho.sc  tliat  point  downward  are  used  for  pinning 
animals  to  the  ground. 

Tlie  six  teeth  in  each  side  of  each  jaw  come  in  succession  and  so  tlie 
elei)hant  never  has  more  than  one  and  a  portion  of  another  at  a  time  in 
each  side  of  each  jaw — much  the  same  as  the  mammotli  and  mastodon. 
The  newer  tooth  comes  in  from  behind  and  ])ushes  th(>  older  one  forward 
as  it  wears  out  and  is  larger  than  the  preceding  one.  While  the  "six" 
last  a  life-time  the  ele]>hant  is  always  teething.  It  has  a  stomach  for 
carrying  water,  that  holds  about  a  (luarter  of  a  barrel — much  the  same  as 
the  camel.  When  it  wishes,  it  raises  this  water  into  its  trunk  and  takes 
a  bath. 

The  elephant  kneels  in  the  .same  manner  as  do?s  man — hind  legs  point- 
ing baekv.-ards  [pre  meditated j.  He  is  very  ol)edientbut  may  liave  s])ells 
when  lie  becomes  terrilic.  Howe'ver  his  keeper  is  n<.t  more  afraid  of  liim 
tlian  you  are  of  your  horse.  This  aiumal  wades  around  in  the  tall  grass 
and  l)rusb  and  so  has  not  much  use  for  long  sight :  so  his  eyes  are  small 
and  near  siglited  ;  but  he  hears  and  smells  extremely  v\-ell. 

Wlien  the  Hindoos  wish  to  cai^ture  a  lierd,  they  suri'ound  the  elephants 
and  drive  them  into  an  enclosure.  \Vith  the  help  of  soinetame  ones  that 
arc  turned  in,  a  wild  one  is  lassoed,  tied  to  a  tree,  and,  within  three  months, 
tamed.  Sometimes  half  of  them  die  within  a  yi-ar  after  being  put  to 
WU7-1.:.  Tliey  ai'e  often  sick.  Wild  ones  oftt.'U  tramp  dov/n  fields  of  rice 
an.d  otlicr  grain  ;  but  a  sirall  fene(>  v,-ill  turn  tliem  as  they  are  very  sus- 
})i''ious. 


9':?  •  Misc  r,LL\xKor,s. 

OTHER  EARLY  ANIMALS. 

[AU  lae  lifo  has  been  eoiKlciisca  uut  o(  lU'/sr  iKiramiiplis,  Have  uuniN  i-xpLiud  onch  ='iio  ■\ 
respei-tabli.'  eompo-iiiioii.] 

Htrmase  sights  v^-ould  moet  our  ey<?  if  we  could  look  back  into  owv 
primeval  torests.  There  browses  the  reindeer,  a  lellow  creature  of  tli<^ 
mastodon  :  the  reindeer  akin  to  the  one  that  left  his  eighty-pound  anrlcrs 
in  the  bogs  of  Ireland,  that  did  not  ])ecome  extinct  in  Seotland  unnl  th.^ 
twelfth  century,  and  that  even  yet  drags  his  sledge  a  hundred  miles  a  dav 
over  the  snow-fields  of  Lapland. 

See,  too,  the  great  elk,  or  n^oose,  taller  than  the  horse,  wind  liis  ti-ail 
through  tlio  woods  in  his  shanibliiig  trot ;  or,  now-  tliat  he  is  pursued,  >i-r 
him  throw  his  great  fonrteen-i.ronged,  sixtr-pound'  antlers  horizontalh- 
over  his  Ini'^k  and  rush  frantically  through  the  close  forest  without  1h>- 
coming  entangled  ;  or,  being  tormented  by  swarms  of  mu>(juitoes  unnl  In- 
lias  become  exhausted,  see  him  easily  captured  by  the  shni)le  nutivi;.  ( )n 
the  brow  of  the  moraine  is  one  that  fails  to  reach  the  grass  because  his 
neck  is  to  short  and  so  feeds  contentedly  on  leaves,  twigs,  and  shrul)s  in- 
terrupted  only  now  and  then  when  necessary  to  kick  a  wulf  to  di-atli  wit1\ 
a  single  blow  of  the  hoof.  Notice  that  he  lives  alone  m  summer  but  lierd<. 
in  wintc-r  ;  that  he  is  timorous  in  ])eace.  yet  furious  in  defense  or  wIumi 
*"ighthiu' a  du:il  with  a  rival;  li'-'.t  thi-  native  imr^nps  him  fnv  f,„,,|  ]„■,! 
fails  to  domesticate  hiin  in  his  country. 

Yonder,  hanging  from  the  thick  branches  of  a  tree,  with  hook-like  toes 
and  back  downward,  the  .sluggish,  sohtary,  arboreal  sloth  is  feediiiLr  on 
leaves,  young  shoots,  and  fruit— u.sing  one  loni--  fore-foot  and  leg-^bn- 
pulling  the  boughs  to  his  mouth.  Not  being  able  to  leap,  he  waits"iintri 
the  wind  swings  the  branches  of  another  tree  near  enough  for  him  to 
cross  over.  While  not  likely  to  be  injured  if  he  falls  to  the  ground  from 
any  height,  he  crawls  on  the  ground  to  another  tree  wi*-.h  extreme  dilli- 
culty.  Now  he  Heats  like  a  slieep  and  now,  when  seized  by  juiotiier  an- 
imal, snorts  violently.  It  is  break  of  day  and  so  he  rolls'  nis  greenish 
algae-covered  body  up  in  a  hall  to  sleep  among  the  green  leaves. 

There  gtx^s  the  now-extinct  beaver,  as  large  as  the  black  beai-,  mak- 
ing a  tour  of  our  swamps  :  and  here  the  modern  l)ea\-er,  of  half  the  lemrth, 
is  ])ursued  for  food,  fur,  or  his  cliisel-like  incisor,  by  the  native.  Eaeli 
year,  we  see,  when  frost  has  come,  the  social  beavers  return  from  tlieir 
summer  outing  to  give  the  tops  of  their  houses  a  fresh  coat  of  mud  that 
it  ma:^'  freeze  so  solid  that  the  wolf  and  wolverine  can  not  t)real:  throu<j;]i  ; 
and  to  repair  their  dams  in  the  deei»ish  {lowing  streams,  or  even  in  our 
swamps  and  lakes,  tmtil  in  time  they  become  solid  and  cjven-d  witli  wil- 
lows and  ])o]i1ars.  Again  a  new  colony  is  formed  and  not  only  new  houses 
are  nece.ssai-y  Vntt  a  new  dam,  for  the  stream  is  small  and  may  dry  u]). 
The  timber  is  felled  in  early  .spring  and  in  xVuuust  the  drift-wood,  v:v:\-n 
willows  and  p0])lars  are  dra«-ged  with  their  teeth  for  the  ui-w  dam  and 
homes  while  the  stone  and  mud  are  carried  in  their  fore-feet.  In  autumn, 
a  fresh  coat  of  mud  is  added  and  four  old  ones  and  alxjut  six  >'ouTig  oiu's 
move  into  each  house  which  is  i>artition'-'d  otT  to  su])i).-)rt  the  roof,  ""a  f(;w 
old  bachelors  may  leave  the  colony  and  live  alone.  The  beavers  prefer 
the  water  and  swim  with  their  hind  web-feet  and  scaly  fltit  tail.  ■T\u^ 
tail  is  not  used  for  a  trowel.)  Watch  and  \<)u  may  ::.-«'.>  'them  feedinLC  <>n 
water-plants,  berries,  willow  and  ])opIar  bjir!:.  As  many  as  200. ooo  skins 
we're  .sent  to  JOurojje  annually  for  tlie  fiir-ti-ado  m  ttio  curly  part  o!  llie 
lUlh  century. 


MlSCEI-LANFOrs. 


9:'. 


Two  lie)"cls  of  butValoes  hoavc  in  siuUt — one  of  either  sex.  The  great 
sha<?u:y-liaired  musele  on  top  of  the  shoulder  carries  the  htuul  Urnily  anil 
<i;ives  the  animal  the  appearance  of  havin<4-  treTurudous  strength.  Now 
the  two  herds  intermingle  and  The  :.;reat  l)ulls  light  bloody  duels  Though 
gt'nei-allv  sliy  sinless  wounded,  tlicy  ar-*  now  furious  Jiml  tlic  Indians  keep 
away.  At  other  times  we  see  tlu'  Indians  on  horse-back  or  in  wolf-skins 
sliooting  them  for  food  or  hides. 

Here  stands  the  cabin  of  the  early  s(^tfler.  A  ])anther,  tliree  and  one- 
half  f(H't  louir,  the  liirgest  cat-like  animal  in  the  New  World,  though  an 
exjiert  climbt;r.  leaving  the  forest,  creeps  up  close  to  tlie  cabin,  and  lies 
in  ainbusli  ready  to  s])ring  OTito  a  sheej)  or  calf.  After  destroying  many 
7nore  tlian  he  can  eat  throuuh  hi.M  i)ropcnsiry  to  kill,  he  returns  to  tht; 
woods  and  changes  his  chiid-like  cry  to  hideous  howling  at  sight  of  a 
rival.  Multiply  the  screaming,  growling,  and  snorting  of  the  cat  by  about 
six  and  you  have  it.  Edmund  Keau  hatl  a  tame  one  that  purred  like  a 
cat,  when  caressed,  and  followed  him  like  a  doir. 

Tiiere  sits  the  superstitious  ludiau  apoiogizing  for  killing  a  black 
l)ear  although  he  needed  it  i'or  food  and  clothing.  Another  scene  shows 
a  wounded  l)ear  making  a  desperate  effort  to  hug  his  pursuer.  He  !"in 
hug,  bite,  diir.  and  climb  but  his  toe>i  are  not  enoui:h  like  the  cat's  to  tear. 
Winter  li;is  come  and  he  rolls  himsfdf  up  to  sleep  and  car  i)ear'.>  grea>e. 
The  hunter  takes  advantage  of  his  8lee])y  condition,  kills  him  and  adds 
his  hid(;  to  the  other  2.'), 000  that  were  sent  to  England  for  tlie  armv  in 
1,S0;]. 

liast  night  a  ]>ack  of  wolves  attacked  a  herd  of  sheep  and  today  with 
remarkaljle  endurance  and  with  combined  and  persevering  etl'ort  they 
overpower  and  kill  a  great  American  bulfalo.  Pressed  still  more  l)y 
hunger,  they  attack  dogs,  children,  and  even  grown  people. 

Probalily  all  these  animals  lived  here  after  the  glacial  period  and 
many  of  them  also  before.  Of  course  the  great  ice-'|)low  destroyed  all  ev- 
idences of  those  that  lived  hero  luifore  that  time.  If  we  could  liw.kback 
into  the  pre  glacial  period  we  should  ]>robably  see  onr  limestone  hills, 
small  canyons,  and  narrow  valleys  thickly  ])opulated  with  animals  and 
among  them  the  reindeer,  and  beaver.  Here  is  a  drove  of  from  ten  to  a 
hundred  ho^r-like  jieccaries  with  their  sharp-cutting  canines.  Over  tliere 
in  the  shady  forest  the  nocturnal,  solitary,  shy,  thick-skinned  tapir  is 
eating  shoots,  bushes,  buds,  and  leaves  or  taking  a  bath.  In  the  timber 
the  megotherium — a  cross  between  the  sloth  and  ant-eater  and  nearly  as 
large  as  an  elephant — sits  on  his  hind  legs  and  hea^-y  tail  and  reaches  tip 
eighteen  feet  after  a  choice  In-anch  for  food.  Yes,  strange  sights  wi- 
miuht  see  if  we  were  not  so  short  sighted. 


Oi 


iiocKs  01-  ai"<;lai/k  corxrv. 


IltLajd:.JlLJ^l^ML^JJljd^ 


Feldspar.  G 
Mica.  8^' 

Hot-nblende.y- 

Flesh-Colored 
F€ldspav.6-a. 

Li^ht-eolored 
Blaek 


Hornblende,  y^e 


Tate.  /6^- 


Qtanulite.  ^L 
Q-ranite.     1 8^.    . 

Schist,    2,1. 

StfOViTe.  SLSl. 

B I  cie  k-  H  c  ^  n  b  [  e  ji  de- 
Giiiartz.   2-^. 

A  uqlte-Quartz.u-d 

Proto  ^ine.  ii-l. 

Hypo^yevlte.  2.^- a 

Aviq  ite  , 
HyiDOSycviTe.^B-f. 

Pi  or  Ite.    Sl2rb. 


^liiiLnJiaA\jaiJ±^mw^iimL  diabase.  2.%-e. 

J'^^lA^lliJ.h.t?.  ^''^^^O'f]^,,  CohJ7-,\n    at-e  ■rarm^fclh'^-  lx  earn' 


ROCKS  OF  AI(^T.AIZE  COUNTY. 

Quartz.  If  quartz  be  scratched  v.itli  a  point  of  a  knife-hladc  a  streak 
of  steel  is  left  on  the  rock.  It  ranti'cs  from  a  ghissy  a])]iearauce  to  that  of 
Hint.     Very  common. 

Fi:i.nsi'AR.  Flesh  colored.  Its  shining  crystals  reiloct  tlic  liL;ht.  As- 
sociated with  quartz  and  other  rocks  in  the  same  stone.  Xv.rj  diiJJcult  to 
scratch  with  knife  point.  Very  common.  Then^  is  a  white  variety 
called  Alhite,  which  is  not  so  common. 

Mi<;a.  The  windows  in  stove-doors  are  mica.  SnKiH  scales  of  it  are 
commoii  in  other  roclcs  and  can  be  incked  out  witli  a  pm.  Snlr  and  easily 
scratched  and  crushed.  Its  softness  and  thin  tlakes  distinguish  it  from 
feldspar.     There  is  a  black  variety  called  Biotite. 

Hoi:n>;lf.ndk.  Black.  Often  massive ;  i.  e..  showing  no  crystals. 
The  scratch  left  by  a  knife  point  is  a  white  line.  Easily  scratched.  Alone 
or  associated  with  other  rocks  in  the  same  stone.  Not  stratified  and  is 
thus  distinguished  from  shale.  Does  not  effervesce  (boil)  when  acid  is 
placed  on  ii  and  is  tjius  distinguished  iroiu  liniestvme.  liuther  comtnou 
but  the  greenish  variety  called  Augite,  Pyroxine,  or  (Treenstone,  is  far 
more  common. 

(tRanulitk.  and  Gkaxitk  are  not  stratified.  Gneiss  is  coarsely  strati- 
fied and  Schist  finely. 

DiDRTTK.  Composed  of  very  finely  intermingled  black  and  white 
shades  and  often  without  crystals.  The  hornblende  in  it  is  easily  scratched. 
The  feldspar  is  light  colored  and  is  not  in  crystals.  Indian  stone  celts,  or 
tomahawks  are  often  Tuade  of  it.  A  common  rock  but  the  variety  with 
greenish  hornblende  and  called  Diabase,  is  far  more  common  and  more 
often  used  for  stone  tools. 

Tai.i'  is  not  a  very  common  rock  hei-e  but  you  can  get  a  piece  of  some 
dealer.     Hard  blackboard  crayon  is  Talc.     Soapstone  is  a  variety. 

Pupils  making  a  collection  might  add  the  following: :  Two  kinds  of 
Salt,  two  kinds  of  Coal,  two  colors  of  Marble,  ditt'erent  Ores  that  may  be 
found  or  given  ihem.  Fossils,  Shells,  kinds  of  rock  as  to  Structure,  Pebbles, 
(travel,  Sand,  Soil,  Clay,  Shale,  vSlate,  and  Limestone.  Soft  blackboard 
crayon  is  gypsum. 

There  are  immense  gravel  banks  in  our  cnnnty  iind  most  of  these 
s]iecimens  can  be  found  in  any  of  them.  This  gravel  has  l)een  used  to 
])ike  roads  and  streets  and  to  ballast  railroads  and  hence  is  accessible  even 
if  no  gravel-bank  is  very  near  the  pupil.  All  of  the  b<nildtn-sof  our  coun- 
ty are  compii.sed  of  these  rocks.  Nature  ground  up  enough  of  these  rocks 
to  make  till  the  clay  in  our  county,  which  lias  an  average  do])th  of  one 
hundred  feet ;  it  then  mixed  some  decomposing  vegetable  inatter  with  the 
surface  clay  and  made  our  soil.  Did  you  ever  stop  to  think  what  SOIL 
means  to  man?  It  is  the  flour  from  nature's  big  mill  and  made  by  grind- 
ing up  boulders. 

For  further  discussion  of  this  subject,  see  the  writer's  "One  Hundred 
Rocks  Found  among  t lie  Boulders  and  How  to  Determine  Tlicm."  'I'lie 
nuTubers  on  the  charts  refer  to  this  outline,  but  Schist  should  bo  num- 
l>ercd  -iO. 


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THK.  WAlKtM.Al*  IN   THi:  1:1Im;K  AT  Si".  M AK'Y? 


1. 


1  Tbe  river  and  canal  cluumols  spotii  narrow  in  the  cut  because  tln' 
horizontal  scale  is  .-'oOO  I't.  to  tIk^  inch  while  the  vertical  scale  is  l)ut  •,':>  It. 
TO  the  int'h.  The  railroad  '_n-ad(!  seems  too  ^teej)  for  the  same  reas,,n. 
West  of  the  river,  it  is  not  on  tlie  extreme  top  ot  the  ridge. 

•i  Usinir  the  same  scale  for  length  as  is  ii.sed  for  depth  would  widen 
the  ga])  to  ehrhty  times  its  present  width  ;  i.  t\  eighty  times  as  much  clay 
was'removed  in  niakim:  the  gap  as  might  seem  from  the  above  cut. 

3  How  deep  is  the  gap?  The  top  of  the  bank  is  a  mile  from  the 
river  in  places.     The  cut  shows  a  width  of  two  and  one-quarter  miles. 

-1  South  of  St.  Marys,  the  river  has  made  no  high  banks  for  itseli  ; 
how  far  north  does  it  continue  to  have  high  banks?— i.  e.,  how  wide  is 
the  ridge  at  St.  Marvs?     (to  and  see. 

:>  If  the  water-irap  averages  2  mi.  x  1  mi.  x  2:>  ft.,  how  long  would  it 
have  taken  inO  teams  to  make  it  if  each  hauled  .J  loads  of  clay  per  day 
and  27  ca.ft.  each  load? 

tj  The  river  tlowed  south  when  making  this  gap  and  carried  all  tJie 
fine  clay  away  with  it :  but  the  small  pebbles  were  too  heavy  to  carry  an<l 
so  wen-  dro])])ed  to  make  a  vast  gj-avel  bank  just  south  of  St.  Marys 
and  throutdi  which  the  river  now  llow-;  north.  All  this  gravel  was  sortml 
out  of  the  clav  that  once  filled  the  water-gap.  An  enormous  amount  ol 
this  trravel  has  been  used  for  grading  railroads,  ])ikes,  and  streets.  Lo- 
cate the  gravel  banks  and  pits  that  spread  out  in  a  fan  shape  from  T.;e 
south  end  of  the  water-gap.  ( >f  course  the  water  rushed  through  the 
narrow  gap  but  spread  out,  slowed  u]->,  and  dejiosiivd  iis  m'avel  on  It-av- 
ing  it.  ^A\hat  cemett-ries  at  St.  Marys  are  mi  tliis  gravel  ;;anky  J^ocule 
stv>t.i!:il  abandon. -d  gravel  i>its,  and  several  still  in  vise. 


98  ONK  nUXDREl)  K(H;KS  OF  AUGLAIZK  CC^UNTY. 

1  Glassy  Quui't/.     5-a    (?Jlassy. 

2  Hose  Quart/,     -j-c     Rose  colored. 

?>    Pink  or  Purple  Quart/.     r>-cl     Pink  to  puri)le. 

4  Smoky  Quartz,     -j-c     Smoky  color. 
.J     Milky"  Quart/..     r>-f     Vvhitisb. 

G  IronVjuart/.     r)-j     Rusty-reddish.     Ferruginous. 

7  Dull  Waxy  Quartz.     .")-l.     Chalcedony. 

5  Flint  Quart/,     o-q     May  use  arrow-])oint. 
9  Black  Flinty  Quartz,     o-r     Ilomstone. 

10  Greenish  Quartz.     5-h  and  -J-ni 

li  Chert  Quartz.'    5-s     Impure  Hint. 

12  Jasper  (Quartz.     '■>-\     (Treasy  on  weathered  side. 

13  Fossil  Quartz.     5-v     Usually  coral. 

14  Granular  Quartz.     ."S-w     Grains  closely  cemented. 
1.")  (-; ravel.     (Largely  Quartz  ) 

U)     Quartz  peobles.     :>-a     L<irger  than  gravel. 
17     Red  or  Yellow  Sand.     H-dd     Ferruginous. 

15  \Vhiti.<h  .cand.     ."i-ee 

li)  Quick  Sand.     5-iV.     From  wells  and  some  gravel  hanks. 

:'.'■'  Li:ncs!i>n-'  S;uid.      '-ii     l'::yin-vesees.     (';iV-arer>us. 

21  Sandstone.     •■)-tt 

22  Quartzose  Sandstone,     odl     Very  hard  sandstone. 

2:1     Iron  Sandstone.     5-mm     Dark  to  rusty-reddish.     Ferruginous. 

24  lied  Sandstone.     5-tt 

25  Crumhling  Sandstone.     5-pp 

2f)  YVlietstone.     o-ss     Use  piece  of  broken  one. 

27  Fle.sh-colored  Feld.-^par.     G-a     Orthochise. 

2S  White  Feldspar.     0-c     Alhite. 

2U  "Black  Hornblende.     7-a     Hornblende. 

30  Green  Hornblende.     7-c     (:Jre.enstone.     Augite.     Pyroxino. 

31  Slaty  Hornblende.     Slaty.     May  be  stratified. 

32  Pale  Mica,     b-a     Muscovite. 

33  Black  Mica.     iS-b    Biotite. 

34  Rusty  to  Black  Iron-ore.     9-a     Hematite. 
3rj  Yellowish  Iron-ore.     y-b     Limonite. 

:'.G    Brass-yellow  Iron-ore.     9-c     "Fool's  Gold."     Pyrite. 
37     Black  Shale.     ]0-a     Carbonaceous. 

35  Grav  Shale,     li) 

39  Limestone  Shale.     10-c    EtYervesces.  .  - 

40  Rusty- Reddish  Shale.     10-b     Ferruginous. 

41  (4rav  Roofing  Slate.     ILu 
ri  Black  School  Slate,     ll-c 
43>  Blue  or  Yellow  Clay.     b>-a 

44  White  Brick  (Clay.)     i:5-b     Use  white  brick. 

4.")  Di.-^h  (Clay).     13-d     Use  pieci- of  dish.     ICaolin. 

4G  Limestone  Clay.     13-f     Eiiervesces. 

47  Stream-Deposit  Alluvium.     1 1-a     Along  the  stieani. 

45  Soil  Alhivimn.     14-b     Just  under  the  sod . 
49  Drift  Alluvium,     ll-b     Any  gluc-ial  drift. 
.■)0  Common  Limestone.     IG-a     Eifervesces. 
'■A  Coral  Limest(me.     PUf     Has  c:»ral  in  it. 
.'.2  Shell  Limestone.     If.-d     Has  shells  in  it. 


ONE  HUXnRfID  ROCKS  OF  AUOLAIZE  COT'XTY.  90 

."33  White'  LleooTB])osini?  Limestone.     IG-i     Rock  Milk. 

:>{  Ji:rit-<s'T^'^^'''iQ^^  Lijncstone.     li.-r     H;,s  some  crystals. 

.-..">  I'iiorty  Liine.^'tone.     Ki-a     Like  chert  but  eiYervesces. 

:,{S  White  :-UiM-ble.     16-i     A  limestone.     At  marble  yard. 

.")7  ('.'.Idvea  -'i^'i'^'lt^-     l*'-g     C-iet  ]jieee  at  marble  yard. 

.'iS  c'halk.      - '-'-b     A  limestone,     (iet  piece  of  druLCgist. 

.'»•.•  CoDiiaf^n  ' '■•<i<-'iTGt.     16- w     White  crystallized  limestone. 

CU  Common  ]^oioinite.]7-c    Xon-etYerve.scing  limestojie. 

01  Granite.     i>^-;t     Qnart/.-feldspar-mica. 

tVJ  Fine  G rani"' ■     '^—-^'\^ 

iV.)  Coarse  GraT-Jte      18-i 

tU  Wl)ire-felds]K;r  GrMnite.     is-b     Feldspar  v.hite. 

G.">  Black-mica  Gjunite.     18-e     Mica  black. 

i)ij  (.'runibliu,<£  (Tra'iite.     18-m     Decomposint;. 

f.7  (Gneiss.     lO-a     L'ar.sely  stratiljed  !j:rauito. 

i"is  Black-mica  Gneiss.     li»-e     Mica  black. 

Oil  Mica  Scliist.     20-a    Finely  stratifieil  sranite. 

70  Black-Mica  Schist.     -^0-e     Mica  black. 

71  (Tranulite.     "-^l-a     Quirtz-teldspar. 
70  F-ne  (i7\inniin--.     Ol-^- 

7'-'>  (_'o;i,rse  (Tranulito.     "Jl-l 

74  White  feldspar  (rrranulif.     21-b    Feldspar  white. 

7.")  Crumbling  Granulire.     n-j     Decomposing. 

7tj  Syenite.     22a     (^uart/.-'elds])ar-hornldende. 

77  Diorite.     2:]-h     Orthoch,<e  and  hornblende.     Indian  tomahawks. 

7s  Diabase.     'S.'>-e    Ortliocl;  >e  and  greenstone.     Indian  tomahaw  ks. 

79  Common  Table  Salt.     -M". 

50  Rock  Sa't.     27     Get  it  o'  dealer.  '    ; 
si  Soft  Coal.     2S     Bituminius.     (^et  it  iu  coal  house. 

82     Hard  coal.     20     Anrhradte.     (-iet  it  of  dealer. 

^s:-",     Gypsum.     Use  soft  blackboard  crayon.  •  '  '  .... 

51  Petroleum.     Use  vial  ot^^ '*^^'' *^'^-  '  "  "'  ' ,.    ' 

F>-)SSILS. 

Honev-comb  Coral.     35  Favocites.  ,  i      - 

Cup  Coral.     :;G     Cvathc'^^:^'],^^'^ 

Crinoid  Stems.     37     Imau  Beads.  ,  • 

'•Lucky  Stones."  3S     Mcronatc.-^. 


8.) 
8G 

87 
88 


MOOriiN  '.^nFLI. 


89  Snail.     39     Helix. 

',10  i:"(:rd  Snail.     40    .Linn,-'^- 

91  Ro\rh":sinssel  Shell.     41     Anodon. 

92  Sn,oth  Mussel  Shell.     42 

93  ny,(^j..i._     ^;;    vl-itria.     Get  it  of  dealei'. 

ROCKS  .VS  TO   STRUCTURE. 

94  M-ssive  Rock.     As  quart/.. 

9.")     Ci  Tv^talliue  liock.     As  granite. 

v()     St..j|^|i(.d  R<  ck.     Shows  strata. 

'  "  •  .  j-<lsiuicious  Uocks.     Contains  fossils. 
•'•^  S»iU-n-er.tary  ^i'^^'^^\-     As  sandstone.  jgether. 

9'.i     'l>ng!(.  uerate  lock.     Pchi-les  cemented  ' 
■""'  Jeccroscl  J-  :"k.     (.Tumlilod.  -ilar  Limestone 

jOl   ,7f.l!r  .'{,■  R..k::.     Full  of  cavities.     x\s  C4-ore. 
■"■2  ';onf -etionarv  itock.     As  Lenticular  Ir 


'■i      -*.'  -- 


:-^  ^;i  -  "■ 


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*^^-..«rf^>-i:*'Wt*'^a«-S"^-*J**«'»'  •*t'ft-^*fc<' 


•'<S^  .! 


1>-\^;V 


AUGLAIZE  COUNTY. 


\      1  ;i-i.':\r.i;iil  in  l^l-.. 

■M  ■;.i   ;',,>'.).■> -.(i.  nit..  IT  :N'i. ■!'''' ;"ii'i'^s. 
'■'■      '•K^iU'sl  .i.-i,trcli.  :Ki  a;!ii's:  4'.  ^li:  !i.  ■;'■ ;  mi 

■).     !!■•  :  -.A-  !.v  tiivM.i-Tliin.--    Name  tht-rn 

i;.    i.MiM'.- '  I."  rii .  ■•v.ice-..    i:iw  n;i',(-,. 

.'.       f  ..•.••It--  ll'.t    ll\\f~  I-  !i-il)f-s. 


f  ■_'!.  Sujipose  111'"  r»  s'lNi'ir  >liu'j!il  i  i.so  uiiCiJ  it 
'  eiliiull^'ii  ri:.cit'iii  LiiUe  \Vu'"iusti.  wou^u  ii--  waurs 
•  o'.  t-rI1iiv. 'u;  Xi'W  J5rt-iacri.  ;il  t";;,  :;ui>.'.  oc  j.i 
'  W'ayricstieidy  (Tlii-re  m,*\.v  bo  a  !,'ap  in  tr.i>  i  iU/e 
'  Invver  ihau  at  any  of  tho.^i-  piaci-N.  i 

■-';"•.     Nuiiif  four  iari,'i;  riv-rs   ibai.    ■•;-.<•   m   mii 
I  county. 


,  f  .•.;;■■  ;i'xr  i;u!.'ii~h  >-eitl.-i>j.ii;,   iiioliio   i     ..,;     .p,,,.    ^,..iv«-llv    ridt-es    bold   'Aaier   likf;  a 

■   J,..c:ii.'  lb'    ilf-!.   i.;i:  U!.- (.'f  Ui'    1  r'-iii-li  aipl  ,',,•"■ 

'  1-,^,;,,    \\':n-  I  ^pou'-'f  at'.il  ilt-ul  It  iiut  in  spriiit-'v   to  iC'rm  sij':a;i 

[..■^-   ,    -i.\  fi.ris.    iiivf  (tatfs.  I  ^frcairis.     Wiit-i-t^  do  tho    sitkiI!    v'.roauis    ri.-t^r 

Li,.-..'.    .!,.'i,,,-,nviiUTn;,tvKin.-.  I  ^^'^■''■"'     •-'■'^•^'-<-  ur.inv  >pnn^'s. 

".'T.     ^ViI■.^f  f'ji  L-'.,-;  tin-  ..-I'lui;  st!''-;it!;^  t.,i  unite  in 
foz-in  llir'  Autfi.'ii/eV— to  form  iHt/  Si    Mimvs.- 

■_S      V/V,-.t    -.v.o   iu!-';:!'-    --tr'-:irc;-«    ^  ;.  (i.'-ed:  u    it: 

i:v'j>.-^iUJ    -.U-    \\,iii;:vii    Ui.r.-.im-- :-  ■.  .i.^i    >-.'-/.k;i, 

i-rt'N^fii  anu    ttiiul   <iii-    f.iiii.-.l   to   L-:0^>   tliv    Si. 

Mary.s  inoraiin-r 

•.'!i.     (.'Ids.    111..-  v.aiiT-'.Mp  at  U'apakon'ita.  then 


t!.   i<""i. :  •   liii-  \'ir:/i!i:a  MUitat-y  l.a'nis 
'.::.   l.-H>      :u.)  III'..- s.'i;ici..i  chaiiJiH^s. 


:..  :'■  :-i-!  m.- ;>  hit  an-  ■  ow  tilis-dwjth 
_t-:i'.i;.  ifi'i  <;l:iy.  Tmy  wtre  iiuij-  C.  riTiir.-* 
•  •.  :i.;-.    •,;:.>  '.a)  LilUi'v.     i;"ok)'_'isi^f.\->rr'ut  1.1  pri.vc 

I  Ik. '..>.■..•  ,1  :>»iili  ^>I  ttii.'Ni:-  pre-Si'lai'iai   -viifatii,\  i 


.i,..a!..a!n..ne,i  ..hun;..-l  of  Lhr  {T-Kla.-ial  (tuioj'""'''^    ''"'"''    ""'     -^"^^''''^p    »<'^^-     '■^'■'-«    t- 


watfr-i-'ap  at  >Si.  Maj-ys  al.su.  tli'-n  trac'    ti..-'   St. 
Mar\.v;uid  tUf.'  .Vtik'iai/.e  a--  oiu-  riv'i-  i.j  tuc    -...-a 


'  ;\  i-r. 

;  i.     1  .  li  ijo.s^iiuf    that    tilt;   Ohii.i  oiK-f  riuwC'd 
iii!(>M;l   u'.r  c'.i.rii  V  and  aliiiiK   the   i<i-.-sciii   sit.,- j      -'0.     How  can  Hie  rlv^r  at  Si.  M-i"v>;  flaw  north 

■  ;  o.u     ■-■■'■».  ir.-      V.-S.  i;  1  ,  r%.  i.  jjcMljabl.-.  Iv,li"ii     Wuvii-    stro.-l     sL.ipcs   soiuliu  i.rdv      Tlj.* 

11      ■  :.,:vi''r> -^prrail  i-iuy  a  Kiiiidi'vU   ti'.-i  d-pp  I  "-'"I"' f"  ^Vu.vii.- .>i  r.'ct  i>  ovt.-r  iiaif   a   Diili'   iij;;>r 

..■■.r  ......    .i-,;iii-.  ;.!i.i  i.uiit    i!i«-    tbn-.-   n.ora:ne>.  and  litis  a  tall   of  ov/r   forty  f(f..i.     l>o    vou   s.-t- 

'I'.r.    ,11    i.i'i-.'.-sa'r-    lidt-.--    tind    •.s.i-f    tr,>ii!..-d    i.y  !  ilial   ihih   i,-.    thf   in.fasiirv   .)f    ttji-    slope    ..i.    tli- 

I'.r  if.    -:i.-<.-i..  and  ciilit'T  rt  pit-sfM  turci-  pausos  j --o^i"-'!     ^''J'-    '>f    I'h-     WaSash     UiOrair,.-    ac    >!.. 

luaiif  i.\   ''j.'  fi'.-'il  1-d^c  o!  lh(-  trhu-ir-r  in  lucitint?  j  ^^ary--/ 

:.:;i  I-,  I..  ;;,.■  ii;)i-i!i    Or  Ihf.   i-L-oi<-s<-rit   th>;  soulli-  |      •■'      <^n  wliie-h    sui.'  of    the    rid-f    '[.<■    the    Si. 

'  I!.  liajJ  «  1  ..h.-t'i-  dirtV-n-'iii  ^rlaciiTs  Marys  r.  servoirr 

T!..-  tM.i.i  Tiotu  Wufiakt.iu'ia  <.u  St.  .Vlar.vs  is  oii  j     •''-'•     -^'a\  the  rid^o  bi'  s<-,-i)  at  U'aiiak.>iieia' 

ill.- ^1  ..lu  sir.p.  south  slop,- of  th.    W-.iDas'i  ino- i  :;:;.    ( live  ^.'eiieral  sl..p.- of  tlie  coumu  :   ai-^o  ».i 

la.M.  ulMi..tl,..„..itl.  .l..p..has  ..  i„-uai,al    lull  I  ,j,,  ,.,^,.,.^j„   ,;ust.r„.  soutb-nisien..  a.ul    ^outl, 

....;,..•:.,.-!,  an.I  -.M-u.ls  iku-K"  .s.-^.-,;,i  mu-s  i,,  |  ,,,.,1,.,^  p^;.^^. 

'''■^'^.....o-t.oMf  iu.,rai.ies.  oriid-,-s.  i     "'      T^-H  ahotu  rbr  old  I.orami.;  and  Si.  ^]aM  ^ 

.;.     1..-  ,i-nv.-  ,satfi-;tps  in  ihfiii.  M'oruw.  [S,-c  HIsi.  Au;.Ui/e  . 'o..  pa^r  2>^. : 

Ti..-  ..;.r  ^,.o-.  AM-r-  mu,i.-  bv  <,v:uns  ,!.,vv;i>-  !     '■'-'■     ''"^^'*'  "•*"■  ^''■"^'  ''""  ''^rie  v;iual. 

jui-,;i.     driiMoi-     rr-i  >    T!i,-,|-    i„.-vci-l      ^'      ^^  *^"'    "'^•'^ '^    -di  t-p  oi;f   ijia'.l''  wti!  re   ih. 

'  j  oaiia!  leaves  couiuy   uli  iioii!i-,-r!;   boid'-r:     Wljv 

•  (I'll  at  J^t.    Mary.s?     'I'iii-    li'Ji-'i-    j-    t  v. ..  iit  y-.iii<- 

I  aiui  <nu!.t):iU  tuiiP-.  ')ioad  froci    N.  •.'    iJii-i..»'!i 

'Uth    atid    so    no '".  ut"  wa-- atii-ii.pi  >.d  t  *!;Tf 

';..      \'.  I..,    i>j  '.vf  li!:d  luastiMioii  n  luaJiis  iu  !.':i-  I  f.ir     riHiai.       XVliyv      Supp<jS;^      ;:      -  h:p-r:ii!\l 

..  :.<■■-  ■  u  i>.  i   s.,);,'!;  s :.:,.-.,!  I!..- m.^iMi     ■-■:  I  should  h<-  ronsl  i  u  -tfd  tli!un'-'ii  b.r<-  and    lb.' 

\v"L,i  ■»•  wci..- III.- i.l.:'ii  a,.,-t.Vi.),!S  :  i,.l  I.I,.' j  .'111    :U    .New    Itn-in-n    ije    lowri-.-.i    to    ali-..l 

•     •  '•'  "■"■aVt.T   fO'.ilid?  I  \vi:h  iion'n  Si     M;!iys.   li.vw  iiiiiuv  liH-i.s    ivoiHd 

I.o;.i,.'- lb'- -yro;!!  w,ifr  slji,-<l  I  bo   -.-iw.l   and    bovv    t;.-r;p    w.uKl    tb.-   rm   ii.'. 

'  ;  v:  .'N'Vii.ii.ii  :u  tv^'.-    I*-  i;!,;.-c.s.  |  jiuP.'iii'j  fi-,;ij.  tb<-  ti-';i|i-t,  (.-ii  I '.(   •■  iioii': 


rr-i.i    T!i,;,r    p,. 
tf' :;.   iwi:;-^'.-. 

tV  l.-.i-   lowiis  hrtir  ibi  -;• /;ip^'r     Wbv' 
.\. .■>:/:;     I, .J    lb'-    ii.'.'Jiti.,..    ,,f    tbrt-i     utb'-f 


' !,i-  :. 


W'2 


A UO L AI Z K  Ci  )rNT Y . 


3S.  Do  bouts  and  water  pttss  up  and  ilown 
IhrouKb   GUI-  fauneen  locks'; 

30.  N  ime  und  locate  four  steam  R.  Rs.  and 
one  electric  road. 

•10.  Oil  and  Ras  may  be  found  in  most  parts  of 
our  county.    They  are  minerals. 

41.  The  act  of  March  :>,  isUt,  established  a 
post  road  from  Troy  through  i'iijua.  St.  Marys. 
Ft.  Wayne,  Dellancc.  to  Ft.  Meit's. 

42.  How  deep  Is  the  water-yap  at  Fryburi? 
aud  ^t.  Marys  jud;:rins' from  the  tii,'iires  on  the 
ridge  and  alon^  the  creek  at  each  place? 

43.  Account  for  the  direction  taken  by 
Pusheta  creek. 

44.  Why  would  the  St.  Marys  river  be  twice 
as  lar^re  if  the  St.  Marys  reservoir  were 
abandoned? 

4.5.  Why  was  a  Jill  made  24  ft.  hiph  and  oi'er 
a  mile  lon^:  for  the  canal  at  the  tirst  stream 
south  of  Kossuth  (Praine  crcok).  rather  than 
drop  the  canal  down  oy  three  locks?  Remem- 
ber ••D-ep-cut." 

4rt.  Th.;re  is  a  cuivt-n  al  I'i'airie  crcCk. 
What  for? 

4".  There  is  an  aqueduct  at  the  second  stream 
south  of  Kossuth  (Six-mile   creek).    What  for? 

48.  There  is  an  aqueduct  just  south  of  St. 
Marys.  What  for?  The  fill  there  for  the  canal 
is  i:  ft. 

49.  How  many  streams  does  the  canal   cross? 

50.  When  would  aqueducts  be  used  rather 
than  culverts? 

51  Into  what  would  the  St.  Marys  reservoir 
empty  if  the  east  daui  should  wash  out? 

52.  Into  what  would  the  canal  empty  if  the 
aqueduct  south  of  St.  Marys  should  break 
down? 

K.  The  aqueducts  leak.  In  winter  time 
■what  load  would  they  have  in  them  and  what 
one  hung  to  the  under  side?  Which  would  be 
the  heavier?  Is  the  load  ai>y  heavier  when  a 
boat  is  crossing? 

54.  The  to>vnships  are  each  the  same  vviUth. 
How  wide  is  eaoh?    See  M  question. 

5.').  What  townships  are  drained  chiefly  by 
the  Autriaize?    The  St.  Marys? 

56.  '\\'hat  part  of  the  country  is  In  the  St. 
Lawrence  basin?    In  the  Mis.-,issippi  basin? 

fjj.  What  townships  are  partly  in  one  basin 
and  partly  in  the  other? 

58  Name  the  line  that  separates  these  basins. 
What  town  on  the  divide?  What  ones  near 
the  divider 

5U.  If  the  Water  gaps  at  Wapakoneta  and  St. 
Marys  were  tilled,  ou  what  moraine  would  the 
jrreat  waler-shcd.  or  divide,  then  bc'r 


t)i>.  Do  the  figures  alon;^  the  Auglaize  aius 
canal  show  that  thev  tlow  dosvn  Krade?— or  up 
Krade? 

6i.  Would  you  i)ay  twice  as  nuifh  for  a 
farm  alons  the  loot  of  a  moraine  as  en  the 
top  of  if?    WtiyV    Why  a  diiTerenee  in  s  .il? 

a.  Place  Santa  Fe  in  so'.uh-ea.sti-ni  (.,'lav 
where  the  R.  R.  crosses  the  line.  Elmaiiuii 
10<)4  ft. 

b.  Place  Laylon  near  north-eastern  coi-ner  of 
Union. 

c.  If  you  add  2.8f  f t.  (:i  f t  )  to  the  survey  l.y 
Samuel  Craig,  yuu  will  have  the  e!>-\aiion  us 
caic'itlated  from  tbi>  U.  .S.  sr.i-vcy  which  u;is  <:i::i 
throuj,'h  the  county  in  liifU. 

d.  Fort  Adaras  was  six  miles  west  of  our 
county  on  the  south  side  of  the  river. 

e.  The  Weas  lived  a  few  miles  west  of  our 
county  on  the  stale  line. 

f.  The  Lewistown  feeder  empties  into  th<- 
canal  at  the  south  end  of  the  slmmit.  the  Lora- 
mie  into  the  north  end  of  the  srMMfr.  and  tin- 
.•St.  .tlury-^  north  o:  La-  si,>.!.\ii  r  . 

tc.  Where  the  canal  leaves  county  at  ■D'-L-p- 
cui"  on  our  northern  boundary  line,  the  exca- 
vation has  a  depth  of  :^9  ft.  to  bottom  of  canal 
accordinj..'  to  measurements  by  Canal  Commis- 
sion in  18>nS.  counting  the  earth  that  had  been 
thrown  out  on  top.  According  to  the  writer  s 
measurement  in  Ivtoi,  the  greatest  depth  is  44  ft 
including  about  10  ft.  of  fill  on  top.  How  high 
is  the  natural  moraine,  counting  from  the  bot- 
tom of  the  canal  which  is  at  about  the  ';eneral 
level?    See  3Qth  question. 

h.  Place  on  map  mastodon  remains  No.  £^ 
about  two  miles  south  of  Huckiand.  where  John 
Link  found  the  skull,  a  tooth  and  a  tusk  while 
ditching  in  Wiy.  (?> 

i-  Place  another  Rre  glacial  channel  just 
west  of  Cridersville  and  passing  south  i<> 
Wapakoneta.  Try  to  find  out  from  "oil  men" 
if  it  did  not  pass  from  the  latter  place  toward 
St.  Marys  or  New  KnoxviUe  to  join  the  other 
channel  t'lere.  If  you  le.irn  of  an  oil  well  on 
this  line  that  is  :',W  to  40»)  feet  to  the  rock,  it 
is  in  this  channel. 

j.  Kineliart's  Cross-road-  is  about  three 
iiiiles  east  of  Uniopolis.     Elevation,  9S9  ft. 

k.  Bowdle's  church  Is  east  of  Waynestlelil 
near  county  lino.     Elevation,  l^'"-!  ft. 

Cou.Tty  map  like  the  oue  in  this  book  but 
14x17  incites  are  for  sale. 

Persons  des.iing  further  information  con 
cerning  those  ([uestions  may  generally  llnd  it 
by  rt  furring  to  the   iide.x  in  this  history. 


(if^OLOCIPAl.   llMKs  aNP   \(;ks. 


Geological  tirues  ana  ages  from  earh-^su  ■  iiiios  to  present  with  f^raphasis   on   parts  ron.-tii, 
:  .Au^^laixe  uouuiy.    Tbo  mark  (:)  iiicaiis  denied  Uy  some  writors. 
Arohatan   Time.      Time  when  then-  wif^  Hltlo  or  no  liff. 
Paleozoic  Time.    Early  life  foumi. 

A.     rOopaleoxoic  Section.     Karly  Section.    Ai:e  of  Invertebrates. 


U 


When  animals  similar  to  our  corals  anJ 

1.  Cambrian  Kra. 

2.  Lower  Siiureun  Kra. 

a.  Canadian  Period. 

b.  Trenton   I'eriod,   in   tlie  rocks   of 
thuusaiui  teet  l>elow  the  surface. 

Xeopaleozoic  Section.     Later  Section. 
I. 


river  uiiissels  were  miisr  numerous. 


uhJeh    our   tJas   and    Oil  are  t'oiinrt  .t 


e  of  PMshes. 
a      rpi'^'r  Hilv;:'-'an  I'.ru. 
X.     Niugani  l'eri<i<l,  rliat  furnisliecl  llie  limestone  thai  eo\frr'<  the  ^outiierii 

part  of  our  ••onnt y  just  tiniler  t!»e  elay. 
y.    tjuonduf-rt.)  Period. 

■/..     Lower   lIeUI«*rl>ur>j   or   NVater-Liine   I'lrioti.    that    furnishe-.l  the  lime- 
stone   that    «  overs  tlie   eentrul    and    northern   parts  of  our  t  ounly  .just 
under  tVie  elay 
b.     Devonian  Era. 
2.     Au'e  of  Ampliibians     .Vt'e  of  .Verot-'ens. 

.i.     ^  ji  i.u!.;;'eio..-~    l'.;\.'.     i  '•.'.!    ;'"ff::"il     ll^'ii.     At"'>     when    fvot/.l-Ke    ariima's     were 
numerous:. 
III.     Mesozoic  Time.    Middle  Time.     Time  of  Kepiii^s.  to  which  clas.s  our  snaics  O' ion>f 
I\'.    Cenozoie  TiQie.     Recent  Time. 

A.     Tertiary  Kra.    '1  he  Ohio  river  (?)  <oiup)eted  the  pre-glaeial  channels   in    c»ur 
t  ouuly. 

1.  Eocene  Period. 

2.  Mioc<-ne  Period.    MastoUou  ftppeare<l  in  I'urope  an     India. 

3.  Pliocene  Period.    Mastodon  in  Caiiiornia  >  ?,i  and  Mammoth  in  Europe  (;).    Siberia 
(r>,  and  California  [':.<.     :>lan  appeared  in  Europe  and  talifornia  iV). 

U.     Quanternary  .-Xltc     Ai:e  of  Man.     Post  Tertiary  I'.ra. 

1.  Glacial  Period.  Ice  .\t,'e.  .\Ke  of  ihe  Mammoth.  Within  the  last  of  ih-^  thre^-? 
Slaciul  epochs,  the  jflHcier  spread  elay  over  our  county  to  the  depth  of 
one  hundred  feet  and  made  our  three  nioi-aines.  There  were  two  ii  ter, 
tllaeial  epochs  during  which  fori:sts  gn-w.  Mastodon  in  the  United  States  (v) 
but  became  extinct  in  Europe.  .Miiiumoth  in  United  States  (ri  and  Europe. 
Man  in  United  States  (y)  England  and  Erance. 
•>.  Champlain  Period.  Diluvial  period.  Reindeer  I'.poch.  Ice  melted  and 
the  water-gaps  were  cut  in  our  rid^'es.  our  gravel  hank.s  made,  the  pres- 
ent drainage  sjsteui  of  our  <iiunty  establishe<l,  soil  formed,  and  plant 
an<l  animal  life  revived.  May  have  t>een  liftee'i  thousand  yt  ars  sii.ce.  Mis- 
todon  in  Uniteii  States  .rj.  .Mammoth  i':  United  Staii-s(-)  but  becarm'  extimi 
in  Europe.  Man  in  United  States  (r.. 
:i.  Iteeent  Period  includint,' the  present.  Alluvial  ep<xh.  Ma.sto<loa.  Maninioth 
and  man  tsppeared  in  the  I  nited  .States,  in  Ohio  and,  excejjt  the  raarii 
moth  (r),  in  .\uglai/e  County.  .M;ui  burnt  a  mostodon  lo  death  in  a  swamp  in 
Missouri  and  in  Ashtabula  county.  Uhio.  Likely  that  mun  helped  destroy  the 
u'reat  mammals  uf  prc-historie  times.  Pictures  of  the  mastodon  or  mammoil; 
were  cut  on  the  prehistoric  palaces  of  ?>Iexico  and  Centra!  America.  The  mas- 
todon and  mammoth  became  extinct  l>eiore  historic  ttme.s. 
M,ti>  now  inhabits  ne  irlv  every  part  of  the  earth  and  has  increased  iti  population  to  nearlv 
a  biUiui:  and  a  half.  Hel.'ivim  now  supports  a  population  of  .')71  per  siiuare  mile.  This  m.ieed 
to  be  -.he  aj/e  of  Man;  yet  he  must  not  cl.tini  too  much  as  even  the  common  earth  worm 
numbers  bim  and  man  supports  a  lart.'er  famiiv  of  comm.^n  hOiiV-lties  than  of  bis  own  kin. 
l-\-T  above  outline  see  Dana  s  Revised  Text  Hook  of  (."ieolo^y. 
'I'iie  ii.'.ris  in  heavy  type  (,'enerally  concern  .Vu^'iai/.e  county. 


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M^i?^imi^iJf,y^i^  i\  lit  ~;^^  ^^r  ^^f -^•.■■- ^>.-->jHi^vi  y 


LITTLE  HIAWATH/'/S  TROUBLES 

IN  AUGLAIZE  COUNTY, 

(SOME  INDIAN  \f.-QRVS.) 

I  am  too  little  to  ^vlllk  on  the  ground, 
.So  hang  me  nj)  gam-ma,  ainl  s\viny  me  around  ; 
The  leaves  are  all  daneinir  tlie  merry  day  lona-, 
Tlie  tuuf^  of  tiie  hirdie«  tbar-  wai'Mf  tlieir  song. 


CiroRls: 
Rockey  by  hahy,  on  the  tree-to]); 
When  the  wind  blows,  the  cradle  will   rock  : 
If  the  bough  break,  the  cradle  will  fall. 
And  down  von\c-  roekey-by-baly  and  all. 

Ke-neut,  the  great  eaci'le.  is  sailing  annind, 
Don't  leave  me  here  longor  upon  the  damp  ground  ; 
\Ya-wa.  the  goose,  is  higli  in  the  sky, 
Th.^n  hang  me  up  (piickly  and  h-imr  me  ui)  high. 

Ke-na-beck,  the  serpent,  and  Mok-wa,  the  bear, 
Are  certain  to  get  me,  so  hang  me  up  there. 
His  gam-ma  agreed,  the  day  was  so  bright. 
And  hung  him  up  quickly  and  hung  liim  upright. 

Baim-wa-wa,  the  thunder,  is  roaring  aloud. 
Please  take  me  down,  gam-ma,  I  .see  a  dark  cloud  ; 
fSub-be-ka-she,  the  .sender,  is  swinging  too  close, 
Sug-ge-ma,  mosquito,  is  biting  my  nose. 

Pah-puk-kee-na,  gras.shopper,  has  jumpe     in  my 

tree, 
Way-muk-kwa-na,  caterpillar,  is  looking  at  mo  ; 
Take  me  down,  gam-ma,  fur  evening  is  here, 
And  Je-be,  the  ghost,  will  frighten  your  dear. 

Take  me  down  gam-ma,  or  111  die  of  fright, 
Wa-bas-so,  the  rablnt,  is  out  for  the  night ; 
J)a-bin-da.  bull-frog,  is  clearing  his  tliroat, 
Ko-ko-ko-ho,  tlie  owl,  is  hooting  his  note. 

0-wais-sa,  my  blue-bird's  too  tired  to  sing, 
O-me-me,  my  pigeon,  with  head  under  wing  ; 
()-pe-chee,  my  robin".-;  asleep  in  the  tree. 
And  that  old  wldppor^vill  is  whistling  at  me. 

Well,  my  ])a]>])OO.se,  your  gam-ma  believes 
She'll  ]uit  you  to  sleep  down  under  the  leaves ; 
You're  talking  too  mucli,  I  can't  skin  the  deer, 
And  tht'  wan-ior  is  coming  and  luuigi-y,  1  fear. 

lor, 


UP  STREAM, 

OR  HOW  TO  SEE  A  STREAM. 


Next  Biiturday,  if  the  weather  bo  fiuc,  f^o  ui)  stream  alone  for  ono 
and  one-hall'  miles.  There  are  two  reasons  wliy  von  shonM  uo  alone  :  a 
friend  havini,'  little  interest  in  your  ])nrpose.  would  sini]>ly  inter]^o.se  oh- 
struetions  to  your  llov/  of  conseiou<ness  :  and  vou  can  tru'i-  little  infoi-nia  ■ 
tion  to  your  fnend  because,  nrayhap,  you  have  never  yet  seen  a  strea)u. 
Since  most  of  us  see  only  what  we  look  for,  you  should  have  afair  ooncej.- 
tion  of  what  to  expect.  It  matters  little  wliether  the  neare.st  stream  \h-  h 
river,  creek,  run,  ravine,  j^ully,  or  ditch,  because  knowins  a  mile  and 
one-half  of  any  stream  is  knowing  the  full  length  of  all.  The  followint; 
may  give  some  idea  of  what  to  expect,  if  you  are  a  teiicher  imagine 
your  pupils  with  you  and  say  aloud  to  yourself  : 

T.et  us  ir.'ither  some  erravel  froia  the  school  irround.  rh.iMrcn,  hcyy^ 
are  two  pepple.s— (-ue  round  like  a  marble  tnid  miv  round  iiicn  a  pia.tf^. 
They  are  river  pebbles.  They  are  sinooth.  Runnint;  water  has  tossed 
and  rolled  them  about  until  all  angles  have  worn  away.  Those  like  the 
"flat  ones  are  called  shiutjle.  Here  is  a  r(nii,''h  angular  one.  It  is  a  piece 
of  boulder  broken  u])  by  tlie  glacier  and  is  called  a  eiacial  pebhle.  As 
you  see.  it  has  never  been  rolled  and  ground  smooth  like  the  river  peh- 
bles.     Keep  your  eye  open  for  more  of  these  ijebbles  to-dav. 

Let  us  examine  the  drainau'e  system  of  our  school  ground.  Ty^ok  at 
those  little  dry  depressions;  let  us  call  them  rain  rivulets.  Here  are 
three  large  onos  a  foot  deep  ;  there,  three  small  ones  three  inches  deej). 
Here  are  six  whose  channels  extend  eastward  ;  there,  one  slopimr  west- 
ward. Notice  the  mouths  are  on  a  level  with  the  gutter;  this  level  is 
called  a  base-level.  The  base-level  of  the  Mississippi  extends  up  to  CVtiro 
and  is  lenghtening  at  both  ends  each  year.  These  of  ours  lengthen  evei-y 
rain.  Here  is  one  five  feet  long;  there  one,  ten.  Do  you  see  that  thcv 
widen  as  you  approach  the  month?  Here  is  a  hirge  one.  Notice  that  one 
side  of  the  liase-level  is  lower  than  the  other.  The  lower  part  is  the  bed. 
or  channel :  the  higher  part  is  called  the  Hood  plain.  When  the  water  i.s 
low,  the  channel  contains  it;  when  high  the  tlood  i)lain  is  covered.  Let 
us  mark  the  length  and  width  of  this  one  and  notice  later  in  the  se»soii. 
whether  it  has  lentrrhened  and  widened.  Do  you  see  that  in  time  the 
whole  i>lay  ground  will  be  reduced  to  this  new  plain?  How  many  inches 
or  feet  do  you  believe  the  ])]ay  ground  will  be  lowered?  When  reduceil 
by  tbtcse  rain  rivulets  to  the  lowest  level  possible,  tlie  school  ^r<5und  vvili 
then  be  a  peneplain.  Is  much  of  the  Mi.ssissip])i  valley  a  ix-neplain?  The 
northern  Appalachians  hnve  been  reduced  to  a  penei)!aiu  once  and  the 
soulhev-n  twice.  But  afterwanLs.  nuiuntains  again  arose  and  the  rivers 
are  again  at  work  carrying  them  into  the  sea  and  niaking  another  ])eiic- 
l)lain.  Do  you  .'^ee  that  tlie  drainage  of  this  play  ground  is  very  simihu- 
to  that  of  all  lands?— that  streams  will  reduce  not  only  this  .school  grom\ii 
but  all  hills  and  mountains  to  base-levels?  Mary  believes  .she  has  found 
a  wati rshetL     Right.     D<,>  you  see  tlun-e  are  lakns  on  it  when  it  nuns?— 

1(1  ti 


\i  IP  STRKAM.  107 

'  I       and  that  the  streams  will  liiially  drain  the  lukes?     So  with  all  lakes  ;  they 
I        are  doomed.     They  will  either  bo  drained  or  lilled  by  streams. 
'^H  Get  your  note-books.     Write  the  name.s  of  all   tree.^  found   on   the 

I        phiy   ground   and   add   the  names  of  all  other  ta-ees  we  may  find  to-day. 
I        Take  full  notes  of  what  you  observe  and  learn. 

•  f  Let  us  I'O  do'.vn  to  this  srroam.    Here  is  a  b]  id,2:e  or  foot-loi,'.    If  not,  let 

4  us  make  one.  Stei)  the  length  of  this  bridge  and  the  width  of  the  water. 
I  See  the  high-water  mark  on  the  trees  over  yonder.  Measure  the  distance 
:|  between  high-water  mark  and  low.  Do  not  neglect  your  notes.  Just 
I  above  the  stream  is  wide,  slow  and  dee]>.  Mtmsure  it  at  that  ])oint 
f  bi^cause  we  shall  find  places  to-day  where  it  has  a  very  dirferent  appear- 
'i  ance.  Wlio  can  think  of  some  way  to  get  the  width':' 
I  This  stream  has  a  llood-plam  too,  has  it  n(jt  "r     The  channel  winds  like 

I  a  serpent  back  and  forth  across  it.  The  bed  is  nearest  the  steei>er  btink 
i  except  where  it  is  crossing  tiie  iiood  ])lai7i.  Most  rivers,  especially  iu 
I  level  countries  keep  near  the  steeper  bank.  Do  you  see  that  the  river 
I  comes  across  the  plain  here  and  strikes  this  ste'ep  bank  nearly  at  right 
I  angles y — atid  that  its  inertia  keeps  continually  filing  and  hammering  the 
bank  away?  No  wonder  the  bank  is  steep.  The  wearing  will  cease 
when  tlir;  ^mnlz  has  all  beon  carried  away.  The  bank  over  yonder  0]v 
])nsite  tills  steep  one — i  uieau  over  yojuier  on  tnt;  opposite  ^iiie  uf  the 
flood-pUiiu — has  a  very  moderate  grade.  It  was  steep  when  the  riv^r 
was  there  and  will  be  steep  again  when  the  river  goes  back.  It  has  not 
been  there  for  soTiie  hundreds  of  years  and  the  bank  has  weathered  down. 
When  the  channel  goes  over  to  that  side,  then  this  steep  bank  will 
we-ather  down  to  a  moderate  grade  like  that  across  the  plain  now  is. 

Robert,  you  itsed  the  magnetic  needle  in  your  watch  charm  at  the 
bridge,  to  give  us  the  direction  of  the  river.  Since  that  was  an  iron 
bridge,  you  had  bett-er  try  it  here  because  the  iron  may  have  inlluencod 
the  needle. 

Step  the  distance  up  stream  to  the  nearest  bend — .^ay  six  hundred 
feet.  When  the  water  strikes  this  bank,  the  current  is  ciiecked,  and  wo 
may  expect  that  mud  would  be  drop])ed  just  above  the  bend  and  an  island 
formed.  Is  there  anything  there  answering  to  an  island":'  When  the 
water  strikes  this  bank,  it  makes  a  sharp  turn.  This  gives  the  water  on 
the  outside  of  tlie  citrvo  a  much  swifter  ctirreut  than  that  on  the  inside. 
So  some  of  the  clay  that  is  swept  off  the  steep  bank  is  carried  directly 
across  the  channel  and  is  left  as  a  mud-Jlat.  Do  you  .see  how  deep  the 
water  is  next  the  steep  bank  and  how  shallow  just  across  the  channel? 

Here  is  a  large  island  above  the  bend.  What  caused  it'.:'  Boys,  will 
you  build  a  foot-bridge?  We  shall  cross  the  stream  here.  St€p  the 
length  of  this  island.  Is  it  made  of  mtid  or  gravel?  If  of  gravel,  tb- 
current  was  sullicient  to  carry  away  the  mud  but  not  strong  enough  to 
lift  or  roll  the  gravel.  It  is  .said  the  early  settlers  had  a  foot-bridge  here. 
Wonder  why. 

Since  we  are  to  make  a  dr;!,wing  of  the  part  of  the  stream  that  we  e  c- 
plore  to-day  let  us  sto])  tintil  >ou  start  yoitr  map.  Note  direction  aiul 
distance.  The  boys  have  learned  to  step  three-foot  paces  and  the  girls 
two.  Of  cotxrse,  tbe  nut])  you  <lra\v  to-day  will  be  very  unijeriect  but  it 
sliould  show  directions,  branches,  and  distances.  The  latter  can  be. 
'.riven  in  figures.  When  you  re-draw  your  map,  you  can  get  the  projwr- 
tions  nearly  correct. 


lOS  i'v  sTra:A>t. 

!Soe  how  tli3  water  i?i  U!Kienuijiin<?  tboso  lurfjo  trees.  Some  of  tliem 
are  ubout  to  give  up  the  hattie  and  sin-reiuler  to  the  stream.  ]>o  you  sei> 
that  there  is  a  eoiistaiit  warfare  between  the  trees  and  the  strtiarn  fur 
the  bank?  How  Ions?  has  that  tree  been  fig-htin;^,  judi^iui;  from  its  aL'eV 
Tliere  are  some  willows  tiiat  seen\  to  be  more  sneeessful.  They  liave 
roots  hlce  mattimr  and  the  water  has  but  shgbt  effect  on  them.  Wond.'r 
why  tbi>  farmer  has  ])lantod  willows  along  here. 

Hello,  here  is  a  shallow.  Boys,  see  if  you  ean  jump  it.  (4uess  you 
may  build  another  foot-bridt:e  and  assist  the  girls  in  crossing.  Measuni 
the  leng-fh,  widrli.  and  de|.«Th  of  the  narrows.  IIdw  do  the  figures  :-ojii- 
pare  with  tliose  of  tiie  widt^st  pnrt  as  measui-ed  belowV  Estiinate  differ- 
ence m  t;levaTioi\  betv.-eeii  the  wide,  deep,  level  stretch  below  and  the 
wide,  d-^e)).  le\-«:'l  stretch  above.  A  kind  of  stair-stc])  here,  is  there  nut '^ 
All  rivers  have  these  ste])S  from  base  level  to  source.  Imagine  a  iiiant 
with  legs  longer  than  tvees,  walking  up  stream.  In  going  toward  the 
source  of  a  river,  the  giant  would  step  tip  stairs  from  one  level  stretcii  to 
another.  We  could  have  seen  these  steps  in  the  little  gullies  on  the 
school  groitnd.  So  going  up  streani  is  going  up  stairs.  Going  down 
stream,  is  going  downstairs.  Xotice  how  muchnarrower,  shallower,  a7id 
sv,-iftcr  the  water  is  here  at  this  "riftle"  than  it  was  at  the  widest  dLipc 
The  bed  slopes  more  nere  because  the  ciay  \ov  rock)  is  firmer  and  \vrars 
less  ra]ndly.  In  vreariug  away,  is  this  step  moving  upstream':'  Is  it 
chasing  another  like  it  but  some  distance  ahead?  Is  it  chased  by  another 
btit  so!)ie  distance  behind?  Clay  I'as  well  as  stone  or  rock)  is  oftrn  in 
layers — sonit^  harder  than  others.  The  firmer  layer  is  at  the  ra])ufs  oi- 
falls.  It  is  this  variation  in  stni  ta  that  causes  nearly  all  the  rapids  and  falls 
in  the  world.  The  great  rapids  about  which  you  read,  are  in  no  way  dif- 
ferent from  these  before  you.  Do  you  notice  any  little  falls  in'thcse 
rapids?  Niagara  is  siiujily  a  fall  in  a  rapid.  Here  is  a  little  water-fall. 
Let  us  exaTuine  the  clay  (or  rock)  beneath  it  to  see  if  it  is  caused  by  a 
hard  layer  resting  upon  a  softer  one.  If  so  we  <ee  why  the  falling  watrr 
excavates  the  pool  below,  how  it  undermines  the  softer  clay,  and  how  all 
falls  are  made.  There  are  falls  in  tlie  rain  rivulets  on  the  play  ground 
and  at  every  road  side,  and  on  every  steep  bank.  Thei"e  are  several 
names  for  this  "ri]Mde:"  shallows,  rai>ids,  narrows  and  fords.  Account 
for  all  of  them.  Why  do  we  cross  at  the  rapids?  Did  you  ever  read  of 
any  ])erson  or  army  crossing  at  the  rai)ids?  \\Tiy  did  our  fore-fathers 
ford  the  stream  at  such  places?  Why  do  we  not  use  the  word  ford  so 
often  as  they  did?  Wonder  why  the  old  road  used  to  cross  here?  You 
will  gather  some  of  these  beautiful  river  pebbles,  I  know.  The  current 
has  washed  all  the  mud  to  the  flat  below.  The  boys  know  that  the  nar- 
rows have  a  ])el>biy  bottom  and  that  the  deep  .slow  water  below  has  a 
muddy  bottom.  Martha,  stir  up  the  bottom  of  this  ford,  and  notice  that 
the  water  is  not  made  jnttch  milky  because  the  mud  is  rajndly  carried 
down  stream  by  the  current.  These  rapids  would  drain  the  level 
stretclies  above  i)Ut  for  the  fact  that  they  too  travel  itp  streani.  The 
The  levtd  is  cuiitinnally  shortened  at  the  lower  end  but  just  as  continu- 
•ally  lengthened  at  the  upper.  This  iirocess  gradually  urges  all  the  mud 
toward  the  sea.  H])eaking  of  rajiids  traveling  tip  sti-eam,  tlie  Niagara  is 
a])proaching  the  wat<'r-shed  in  Ohio  at  the  rate  of  three  or  foitr  feet  in  a 
year.  Will  it  not  travel  nnach  more  rajiidly  than  that  through  Like 
Erie  and  much  more  slowlv  than  that  when  divided  into  several  falls   or 


UP  STRK.\:\I. 


101) 


vupids  to  useend  tlie  several  rivers  that  now  enipt?  into  the  hike? 
Trace  the  r)Ute  that  Niagara  Falls  will  take  to  reach  Au<dai/e  county, 
Ohio. 

Let  ns  £ro  np  this  level  and  stir  up  the  mud.  Some  mud  is  so  hne 
that  it.  will  stand  for  days  m  still  vrater.  Macgie  throw  some  sticks  in 
the  water  near  the.  margin  and  some  near  the  middle,  to  .see  where  the 
water  is  swiftest.     Can  you  account  for  the  facts? 

Here  is  a  sharp  hend  to  the  east  and  hack  ap:ain  making  a  horse-.shoe 
or  ox-how  curve.  Wh^^re  the  river  crosses  the  llood-plain.  does  it  seem 
to  he  wearins^  the  faster  on  the  down-stream  bank?  If  so,  may  he  your 
stream  is  travelui'^  down  throucrh  the  flood-plain  sidewise.This  bend 
doubles  hack  upon  itself  so  n^xirly  tluit  the  neck  of  kind  will  soon  hew-orn 
r)tr.  If  you  will  notice  the  direction  of  the  channel,  you  can  see  why  the 
stream  tends  to  become  n^ore  and  more  crooked  until  finally  this  neck 
will  wear  in  two  and  the  stream  will  be  strai.chtened  for  a  time  at  this 
place.  When  such  occurrs.  there  will  be  a  cut-off  here.  Do  you  see  any 
evidences  of  old  cut-otfs  in  thi?  flood-plainV  There  are  many  such  cut- 
olYs  in  the  lower  Mississippi  flood-plain.  Makim,'  a  cut-off  usually  means 
that  the  stream  has  none  back  to  its  former  channel  ready  to  begin  a 
new  hor:.e-shoe  or  work  c.r  the  rid  one.  Exi^'-in  how  this  river  is 
widening  its  channel.  It  will  continue  until  it  reduces  all  those  high 
banks  and  hills  vonder  to  its  base-level. 

Here  we  come  to  the  second  rapids.  Notice  that  sprins  flowing  from 
the  bank.  Some  dav  in  ckiss,  I  shall  tell  you  how  it  is  formed.  Look  at 
this  large  boulder.  How  many  others  are  in  sight?  This  is  a  venerable 
old  Canadian :  made  over  fifty  million  years  ago.  five  hundred  miles 
from  here,  in  a  mountain  range  that  once  partly  surrounded  Hudsim  Bay. 
The  ice  tore  this  mountain  to  pieces  and  earned  part  of  it  down  here  at 
the  rate  of  two  or  three  feet  a  day.  Would  this  journey  require  about 
three  thousand  vears?  Is  the  boulder  stratified  V  If  so,  this  shows  that  the 
wai-es  spread  it  out.  It  also  shov,'S  that  it  had  existed  as  rock  before  it  was 
worked  (jver  into  the  mountains  around  Hudson  Bay.  Wonder  how  many 
times  it  has  been  worked  over?  Hard  as  it  is,  it  is  slowly  wearing  away 
and  becoming  mud.  All  clay  and  most  soil  is  mud  made  from  ground-up 
rock.  Some  places  in  Ohio,  this  clay  is  five  hundred  feet  deep.  How  far 
beneath  vou  to  the  rockV  Took  a  big  mill  to  grind  enough  rock  for  all 
this  clay  and  soil,  did  it  not?  Tiiis  little  stream  and  all  others  in  the 
world  are  working  dav  and  night  to  carry  the  soil,  clay,  and  mud  back  to 
the  sea.  There  it  vrill  be  si^^read  out  and  made  into  rock  again  ready  to  be 
raised  into  another  mountain.  What  relation  between  you  and  the  old 
'•Canadian'":'  Mountains,  boulders,  gravel,  mud,  soil,  plants,  men;  or 
mountains,  mud,  men  ;  or  mountain,  man.  Or  do  you  prefer  to  think  it 
in  this  wav  :  mountains,  boulders,  gravel,  mud,  and  then  repeat?  Do 
you  see  wliy  we  are  out  today— why  this  wreck  of  continents  concerns 
xis?— why  the  jiosibilities  of  man  are  wra])ixnl  in  these  pebbles?  The  plant 
kingdom  touches  the  mud  of  the>e  pebbles  with  organic  life,  and  the 
aninuil  u)!r.4neti'/es  the  plant  molecule  with  mind. 

What  has  this  deep  soil  in  this  ilood-])lain  to  do  with  this  loeanty  as 
the  home  of  man?  Do  you  see  that  this  soil  was  washed  from  the  hills? 
Do  yon  see  whv  these  bottom  lands  bring  twict;!  the  ])rice  of  the  hill  lands? 
What  is  meant  bv  saying  tiiat  the  Mis.sissi])pi  tlood-i)lain  is  composed  of 
the  cr:^am  of  the  continent,  and  %vhy  do  the  Unue<l  States  and  local  au-^ 
thorities  ex])eiid  so  nvniy  millions  annually  to  i>rotect  it  from  floods? 
Woul.l  not  this  old  "C/inadian"  grace  u  pedestal  in  our  school-room,  juore 


110  TT  STKt:.\M. 

than  "vvot^ld  Miiy  Greok  or  RoTimii  bust?  How  do  v.-e  know  but  its  ])ossibil- 
ities  are  yet  in  their  infancy.  Trusting;  that  when  the  "World  Rids;.*" 
shall  have  been  lowered  to  a  peneplain,  that  another  may  arise,  let"  us 
pass  on. 

Here  is  the  first  tributary  we  have  found.  Name  it  Jloservoir 
Branch.  Notice  that  its  water  has  cheeked  the  current  of  tlie  main  strcji m 
and  made  it  deposit  a  mud-deita  just  at  and  alxive  the  mouth  ol  the  lu-anch. 
Like  our  main  stream,  its  channel  is  very  crooked  and  be<"ominj<  more 
an:l  more  so.  Its  valley  is  becomini^  v.-i'der  and  v,ider  and  lonjer  and 
longer. 

Whv,  here  in  siirht.  is  a  second  branch  and  it  is  quite  as  larire  as  tlu^ 
main  stream.  Call  it  West  Branch.  Let  us  cross  it  and  send  two  scouts 
UD  stream  a  .short  disumce.  We  sliall  wait  until  they  return.  Here  thev 
come  back.  Although  they  have  ke])t  to  the  bank,  and  have  not  travel- 
ed over  one  thousand  feet,  it  has  led  them  back  almost  to  tlie  ijlace  of 
startmg.  What  a  crooked  .-tream.  It  doubles  back  upon  itselt".  Look 
here.  When  the  water  is  high,  the  water  liows  across  this  neck.  It  is 
the  old  channel.  This  is  a  kind  of  cut-olT.  The  branch  strikes  the  main 
stream  at  a  right  angle  and  its  current  is  so  checked  that  it  drops  its  mu(L 
It  ]m!s  filled  its  mouth  un.  so  it  now  is  o]>ligred  to  tlow  aroiind  this  de- 
posit.    It  now  liows  a  thousand  feet  where  formerly  fiity  answered. 

Our  main  stream  takes  a  new  name  here.  f<o  we  are  at  the  head  of  the 
stream  we  started  to  ex])lore.  From  here  u])  the  main  stream  is  called 
East  Branr-h.  Notice  that  thi-ee  yood  sized  streams  come  together  here. 
Is  it  any  wonder  that  our  stream  by  the  school  house  has^hit^h  water 
when  it  rains?  Just  think  of  the  area  it  drains.  What  was  the  differ- 
ence between  high  wat-er  mark  and  low  at  the  ])lace  of  startiugy  The 
fields  about  here  where  these  three  streams  join  are  of  little  value  be- 
cause of  floods.  Do  vou -see  why?  When  you  get  home  look  in  your 
geographies  to  see  what  five  ereat  rivers  join  near  Cairo.  111.,  and  vou  will 
realize  the  cause  of  the  Mississippi  tloods  :— why  the  river  overllows  its 
banks  and  s]>reads  out  from  twenty-five  to  ei^'hty  miles  wide  over  the 
bottoms  and  destroys  millions  of  dollars  worth  of  proi>erty.  On  a  small 
scale,  you  have  the  same  conditions  before  you. 

Here  is  a  half-moon  cut-off  bending^  south  from  East  Branch  and 
two  others  extending  west  from  the  west  side  of  the  crescent.  These  art? 
old  channels  ;uid  they  are  used  yet  at  high  water.  One  of  these  has  a 
lake  in  it.  Many  rivers  have  lakes  in  their  cut-offs.  These  are  called  ox-bow 
lakes.  Did  you  ever  read  in  history  about  (leneral  (Trant  trvini?;  to  as- 
sist the  Mississi])pi  in  making  a  cut-off"? 

TO  TiiK  <{ravf:l  pit. 

Ivet  US  eo  home  past  Mr.  Miller's  gravel  ])it.  See,  they  have  taken 
out  gravel  until  the  banks  have  a  heiirht  of  twenty  feet.  Do  you  see  that 
it  has  all  been  stratitieil  by  water?  There  is  quicksand  beneath  and  the 
strata  ttre  of  coarser  and  coarser  material  above.  The  tine  sjind  was  laid 
down  by  a  very  mod-^rate  current ;  the  gravel  by  a  swifter  one  ;  and  that 
Tieav  the  top,  witli  stones  as  large  as  your  fist,  by  a  much  more  ra]jid  one. 
The  larger  tlie  gravel,  the  swifter  the  current.  Notice  thiit  the  fine 
p.ind  below  is  on  a  level  with  the  stream  and  i.-  full  of  water.  Water  is 
.standing  in  the  bott<~)m  of  the  j)it.  So  tlif-ie  is  water  under  us — nvers 
and  lakes  c»f  water  that  sup})ly  the  wells  about  here.  The  <;riivel  alnivt? 
is  a  better  reservoir  fur  water  than  is  sand,  bur  yon  see  v.'hv  it  draijis  out. 


IP  STUEAM.  Ill 

Yon  see  ^v^ly  our  peo])lo  always  sink  a  well  until  they  como  to  sand  or 
i!;ruvel.  Water  flows  throug-h  Kiiud  iu  rivers.  There  is  as  niiieh  water 
liowinjj:  iu  the  sand  and  gravel  beneath  the  Mianii  as  iu  the  visible  river, 
and  the  nudergroimd  river  ])robably  feeds  as  much  water  to  the  Oliio  us 
does  the  stream  ])ro])er.  iSonie  wells  are  fed  by  veins  msiead  of  sheet- water. 
Ho\s-  deep  must  y<)U  dig  a  well  here  in  order  to  get  water?  The  water- 
shed of  (.)hio  is  com])Osed  largely  of  sand  and  gravel.  This  makes  a 
spongy  reserviiir  for  water  as  you  see.  Can  you  name  the  large  rivers 
in  the  sta^e.  that  rise  in  the  water-shed?  Do  you  see  why  they  rise 
there '.- 

Just  look  at  these  strata — in  every  direction,  of  every  width,  and 
composed  of  gravel  of  every  size.  Flach  wave  has  left  its  record  for  you 
— a  record  oi  its  velocity,  its  size,  its  direction.  Here  is  a  day-and- 
night  record.  Possibly  the  sun  at  mid-day  caused  a  little  more  iron  to 
oxidaze  and  this  makes  the  rusty  lines  between  layers.  May  l)e  the 
wind  was  higher  in  day-time  than  at  night  and  this  had  its  elTect.  iSome 
lines  are  dimmer.  May  lie  these  were  made  on  cloudy  days.  Must  have 
been  a  Hood  or  a  large  amount  of  ice  melted  to  wash  away  all  the  line 
gravel  and  leave  that  coarse  layer.  Here  is  a  layer  of  mitd.  How  was 
the  wat'i'r  that  d<:'riositr'd  th:'t!'  Are  tli'^re  not  evi'lo-nres  here,  of  the  force 
and  direction  ot  winds?  f^ee  this  beach  with  its  angle  of  httecn  degrees  ; 
and  there  one.  half  swept  away.  Notice  the.se  ripple  marks  ;  they  re- 
semble the  rip])les  that  made  them.  There  is  an  ebb-aud-llow^  structure. 
You  can  tell  it  by  the  diamond-like  figures  it  leaves. 

Some  day  we  shall  come  out  here  to  sketch  this  ;  and  to  gather  some 
quartz,  chert,  hornblende.  feld-^]>ar,  mica,  granite,  limestone,  drift,  sand, 
and  soil?  Look  up  there.  How  deep  is  the  soil?  What  color  is  it? 
What  difference  in  the  depth  of  the  soil  here  and  in  the  flood-plain? 
Tiie  grave]  has  decomi)Osed  into  clay  and  soil  near  the  top.  ^Yhile  the 
soil  is  continually  washing  away  on  top,  more  is  continually  being  made 
by  the  decomposing  gravel.  Notice  that  some  bits  of  this  gravel  are  so 
disintegratf^d  that  you  can   crumble   them  to  powder  in  your  hands.     •■ 

Now  that  we  are  nearing  h(^me,  I  wish  you  to  pick  all  the  different 
kinds  of  seeds  you  find  clinging  to  your  clothes :  bunlock,  crvckle-bur, 
spanisli-needles,  beggar-ticks,  and  bush  tre-foil.  For  what  pur])o.se  havf^ 
these  plants  been  seeking  to  use  us?  Take  these  home  witli  you  that  we 
may  examine  them  to  sne  how  they  stick  so  closely.  We  may  want  to 
draw  them,  too. 

We  have  .seen  so  many  things  to-day  that  seem  designed  for  man's 
benefit.  I  trust  that  you  will  name  them  all  when  yoii  write  the  story 
of  our  trip.  Do  not  loose  your  notes.  When  you  write,  you  must  draw 
the  ri\er.  If  you  wish  Ut  write  this  as  a  letter  to  your  fx'iend,  you  may 
do  so.  1  am  glad  you  have  been  so  jileased  and  interested,  and  so  order- 
ly and  ([uiet.  We  have  ])een  out  all  the  afternoon  ;  it  is  now  nearly  dark, 
and  you  may  go  to  your  homes.     (4ood-by. 

Remark  to  the  reader  :  It  may  take  you  several  months  to  see  that 
stream  near  your  .scho(d  h(»use.  Do  not  take  the  children  out  until  you 
have  something  to  tell  them.  Don't  ever  go  unless  you  want  to.  Don't 
tell  tliem  as  i  liave  done,  but  ask  your  (pi(->ti>>ns  in  such  a  way  that  they 
will  tell  you. 

Several  reacher.s  have  taken  the  pupils  of  the  St.  Mary.s  schools  u)) 
tlie  St.  Marys  river.  The.se  i)ages  give  an  idea  of  what  was  done.  Any 
crock  or  spinng-run  would  have  done  as  well  as  the  river. 

See  cut  of  .St.  Marvs  river. 


112 


THE  ST.  MARYS  RIVER  AT  WORK. 


tfte  St.  IHarys 
River  at  (yorK, 
at  St.  mam. 


This  map  is  ttie  result  of  a  trip 
"Up  Stream  " 

Keep  askinjj  ailvanoed  pupils 
"Why?" 

Tlie  sprin^run  or  creels  near- 
est you  is  doinj^  the  same  kind  of 
woT'k  as  is  this  stream.  Take  this 
map  with  you  and  lind  the  counter- 
part of  the  work  liidieated.  If  pu- 
pils livinj;  near  St.  Marys  will  car- 
ry this  map  with  them  alon?  ih- 
river,  Ihey  will  understanu  boih 
map  and  stream  bettor. 

1  Does  the  map  include  more 
or  less  thant-vo  rnil':^^V    See  si-al<-. 

2  In  what  direction  is  'down' 
the  St.  MarysV 

:!  The  banks  of  tlie  sti-eam 
near  O-O  (top  of  rid„'c.)  are  t!2  feet 
hl?h:  at  F,  2tJ.  Give  direction  of 
slopf  l)Cisveen  O-O  and  1-'. 

4  What  stroaii)-.  form  the  St. 
MarysV 


■j    Why  was  the  liasin  built'r    P^or  bouts  and  landins^. 

C    What  is  ttie  tumbler    An  ovcrliow  from  lact.'  into  canal. 

7  Point  out  the  two  locks.    If  S  feet  eacli,  how  high  is  the  lumbli'- 

8  Why  are  mills  located  between  the  race  and  canal?  Water-power. 
If  you  understand  how  the  water  in  the  race  i.~  used  to  turn  the  mills, 
you  will  know  how  early  settlers  used  the  water-power  of  cretUs.  except 
they  used  streams  instead  of  canals. 

y    Why  is  there  a  tumble  in  each  mill? 

i'l    What  made  the  island  E?    The  bend  in  the  river  and  tlie  ViridL-o 

the  L.  E.  &  W.  crossing'  checked  the  current  thu-«  depositing.:  the  chiy. 

U    Streams  excavate  or  corrade  elevations  and  carry  them  touurJ 

the  sea.     Is  it   but   a    question  of  time   until   the  .St.   .Marys  and   its 

branches  v,-ill  have  crirrieil  our  iV2-font  hiiis  away  and  leveled  oil  the 

coui-try  V 

12    The  sharp  curves  in  a  stream  are  .sometimes  called  ox- 
bows: sometimes  horse-shoes.     Why?      The  river  u.^es   theiu 
to  plow  down  steep  banks  and  hills,  to  widen  its  flood  plaiti. 
and  to  level  otf  the  county.      I'oint  out  .some  ox-bows   l)y 
letter  A,  B.  F,  M.  N.  H,  I,  J,  L. 

13    The  dotted  curves  locate   old  abandoned  horse- 
shoes.    Point  out  .-.omc,     H.  J.  L. 

1-1    Those  not  dotted  are  still  in  use.    Point    out 
.•■.     .1.  1\  M.  S.  11.  I. 

15    The  neck  narrows  more  and  more  until 
it  wears  throuKii  or  is  cut    through  by   sume 
tlood.    I'oint  out  some  that  are  rather  nar- 
row,   n,  M.-X,  L. 

1*)    A  cut-orT  cuts  across  the    necK  of 
X-  a  horse-shoe  and  straightens  the  chaii 

nel.     Point  out  some.     B,  L. 

17    Unobstructed  currents  tlow 

in  straig'ht   lines       Streams    arc 

straight  at  first  and  make    tiie 

horse-shoes  later.    Locate 

the  former  channel  at  1'. 

18    For  example:— The 

channel  at  F  flowed  oiu-e 

straight     across    the 

neclc 


ST  MA  RYS  RIVER 

12.00  \ie^c--^fQ 


THK  ST.   MAIIYS  K'lVF.n  AT  -WOI.'K. 


li: 


:uiy  cviilonec  that  the  neck  laas  comtuonceU  to  tiai'iowy 

\\i  'i'tic  outside  of  the  strt-iiin  ot)  tht'  outside  of  tlie  ox-huv;  F.  ha^  a  saiM  eurroiit  l)rA-n,\isr 
tbf  water  L;is  further  to  fs-y.  so  it  ditrs  oil  th''  siet'p  bank  t)»ere.  Of  coarse  the  morneiituni  of  the 
u;itcr  helps.  On  the  inside  of  the  eurve  the  current  i.s  slow  because  it  does  not  have  .so  far  to  j^'o: 
so  deposits  are  m;i(ie  on  the  uislde.  This  inside  dejxi-.it  throws  the  sti-eain  still  ruore  u^'aiust 
ibf  aesi  (junk.  N'ow  stale  why  tbe  eanli  wi;hiii  tin-  bow  F  eame  to  b-^  deposited  there  and  whv 
liK-  bi>^v  tends  to  becorni:;  lurtl-'r. 

2=»  The  chauuel  is  dtvpest  where  the  eurreni  is  swiftest  In  au  o.\-bow  would  water  be 
deep'.T  0!i  the  outside  or  on  the  inside  of  the  sireaniV 

21    Steep  baaUs  are  on  tbe  outside  of  ox-bows.    Locate  some. 

'21  .\t  F  the  stri.-um  tuay  ha\e  been  a  hundred  ye,ir-<  in  worliiri?  its  way  from  a  straii'lit 
course  into  a  horse-shoe.  So  Us  channel  grradually  aioved  to  the  west,  over  the  entire  area  be-- 
iween  the  strai^jht  cours-'  and  the  curved  onv.  Some  of  the  day  that  was  e.xcavaied  was  carried 
;icross  thf  stream  and  d'.-i'i>siiej  on  the  inside  anii  s'j!ue  was  lioatcd  down  to  th'.'  Mood  plain  or 
o.K-bow  below.  I'oini  out  u  bow  where  some  of  it  may  havt'  been  deposited.  A.  Point  out  oltier 
bows  abo\c  from  which  s omH  of  the  material  within  F  may  have  come.     M.  N.  H.  L. 

'l'^  Foiiuerly  there  was  a  bis^'h  bank  where  the  fli-id  F  now  is.  but  it  was  e.'Ceavated  and 
cairied  away  in  makin;.'  thr  curve.  You  may  think  of  F  as  a  cellar  dui;  iii  the  hij/u  bank  by  in-' 
stream. 

!.'-!  When  the  stream  abandoned  the  straisrht  course  at  F.  it  did  not  entirely  liU  the  loiter 
part  and  so  the  water  backs  up  into  that  end.     Point  out  the  back-water. 

■S>  .\fter  the  neciv  at  F  is  eatrn  nearly  orT.  the  stream  may  chan:,'*'  from  its  l)ow  into  a 
■^Li'..i-'i.L  I  u.i!in  M  'ii;ri':L- a  ^. .;„':■_■  ".-j'';.  ii.  wu;  ij^cn  be  r>;;i  !>  to  ii'-'-'in  au-ytilcr  Mv-t-,jw  i.  ;ih'-i'  ,.; 
the  same  sicie  of  the  river  or  on  the  opposite  om?.  If  it  form  on  the  same  .side,  it  will  not  take  so 
lou},'  to  make  the  next  bow  as  it  did  the  first  one  because  there  will  not  be  such  a  hi/h  baiiU-  to 
move:  hut  in  time  it  is  likely  to  ditr  further  into  the  hitch  bank  west  of  F.  Point  out  a  plai'c 
where  the  stream  has  strai/hiened  and  is  now  ready  Ui  Ix'^in  a  new  horse-shoe.  L. 

20  Sometimes  a  new  cut-off  will  form  before  the  new  ox-bow  reache-^  the  limit  of  tae 
fornif^r  curve.     Point  out  such  a  place.     I 

27  For  a  time-  after  a  stream  strais-'htens  its  couise.  the  river  may  flow  throu;.'h  the  cut-i>rt 
and  ox-bow  both.     Point  out  two  such  places.     H.  I. 

•Js  I^ater  th'_'  sir-'ani  will  lil!  the  upper  end  of  the  bow  and  flow  in  the  strai^'ht  course  on!y. 
Tlie  stream  may  then  oacU  inio  the  lower  en<l  of  the  former  curve.  Point  out  tw<^  sueh  places 
both  near  <i. 

2.1  SiiU  later  the  stream  v.-;il  till  the  lower  end  of  the  curve  al^o  and  leav  a  lal;elet  in  the 
old  O-V-bow.  There  would  Ije  such  a  pond  in  the  curve  til  U  even  if  the  tail  race  did  not  empty 
into  it.    Thi.s  is  an  ox-bow  lake. 

:!0  Look  at  a  map  of  the  lower  Mississippi  and  from  the  scale  of  miles  determine  how  tar 
to  the  riKht  or  left  some  of  the  ox-bows  extend.  There  are  many  ox  bow  lakes  alon^r  that  Kreat 
river,  which  your  map  may  not  >how. 

:A  a  man  has  built  a  tish-pond  at  K.  Is  it  in  an  old  ox-bow  or  curve?  He  soon  found  he 
must  help  make  the  cutoif  at  I.    Guess  why. 

.■!2  During  floods  all  the  area  within  the  horse-shoes,  also  that  within  the  lari'er  curvt^s  is 
under  water  and  the  river  liows  in  its  orisinal  straitrht  line  over  its  broad  Hood-plain.  .\t  viuli 
times  the  three  branches  carry  more  water  than  the  .St.  .Marys  can  handle  and  the  hood  become-- 
very  high  at  the  mouths  of  the  branches.  Why  do  tlie  several  bridi.res  in  town  cause  hij.'her 
water  at  the  source  of  t'ne  .^t.  Marys? 

:>,:)  If  the  branches  o:  the  st  re-am  have  any  hors.'-^-hoes  in  them,  point  tlicm  out.  M.  .V, 
II.  I.   L 

■U  Point  out  two  Ion:.;  curves  (not  ox-bows)  in  the  main  stream.  One  is  just  north,  ihi.' 
orber  south  of  -Sprinyr  street.  .\il  curves,  >?i-eat  and  small,  work  in  the  same  w.iy  as  uo  ox-buws. 
Their  steep  batiks  arc  on  tiie  outside  of  the  curves.  On  which  side  of  the  stream  is  ilii-  s;e.p 
lianK  jusi  south  of  Spriu;/  street?  .lust  north  of  Spring  street?  Suppose  you  look  as  y.iu  ;;;e 
cru^siMi,'  the  river  un  the  bridge. 

:i5  Ox-bows  are  simply  slij^ht  curves  at  hrst.  Is  the  ox-bow  into  which  tbe  i;eserv(jlr 
branch  empties  very  well  developed  yet'/ 

:;>.;  Streams  are  rol>bei-.s.  Do  you  see  the  oxbow  that  Ikus  started  to  torni  on  the  east  ~,;de 
of  ibi:  K'sei-voir  bran<  h?     I»o  you  see  that  it  and  M  will  lii.ally  meet  ariil  lirht  it  nut  as  to  wiiich 


114  THE  ST.  MARYS  RIVKR  AT  WORK. 

shall  have  l)Otb  streams  from  tliai  poiin  <Unvir:  If  the  wesi  curve  M  should  be  abanrtoiiiH!  and  an 
ea.sl  one  formed,  what  would  capture  iir 

:;:  Trees  that  aie  ju^t  outside  of  horse-shoes  and  oth"r  lurves  are  lartrer  than  those  just 
within.    Why? 

:;<  Trees  that  are  on  the  outside  of  horse  sliO'^s  and  otlU'r  cvirves  arc  oftfn  nndermined  and 
damptd  into  the  river.    Why  not  those  on  the  insider  '■ — .'■"  -• 

•Vri    If  a  tree  or  even  brush  should  lodj.'e  in  a  channel,  a  horse-shoe  tiii'-'ht  be  started.     Wiiyv 

40  Suppose  you  build  a  board  fenee  east  and  wost  throuirh  F.  The  tl.iods  will  lumbh'  over 
it  and  dig  the  posts  up  from  the  down-stream  side.     Why  from   the   lower   side  rather   than   th-.- 

upper- 

41  The  ri\-'T  is  really  to  mal:<?  a  eut-oiT  at  .\:  but  the  man  that  owns  the  rich  tedd  within  A 
is  tryim^  to  orevent  it  by  buildiu;?  a  dam  aeross  the  upper  part  ot  the  neck.     Why  does  he  carer 

Vl  Suppost- you  owned  the  field  A  when  it  was  on  the  west  .side  of  the  river;  1,  e.  wh--n 
the  river  was  s-rai^'ht.  A-.ul  sLippose  I  owned  a  field  across  the  stream  on  th.-  east  side  of  ihc 
river.  If  the  curve  A  be  (.-raduaily  formed,  your  iield  will  then  belong'  to  m*':  and  then  if  it 
straiKhtens  Quickly,  the  field  still  Ijelom-'s  to  me;  and  the  river  has  r'jbi>ed  von  in  both  instances, 
you  will  think. 

4;?    Why  can  a  hoi-se-shoe  not  form  a^Min  exactly  where  the  aqu(M.luet  is? 

44  Why  will  the  old  ox-bow  B  not  form  airain-     .Man  will  prevent  it.     Why  and  how? 

4'>  Why  do  the  numerous  bridi^;^s  in  town  tend  to  prev<-nt  the  river  from  ehantrin^'  its 
pourse  there? 

4r,  Clay  mixed  v,-iih  trravel  and 'sand  onee  tilled  the  water-L'ap  from  O-O  north.  This 
u  ;is  'A  -isii.'..!  ■  .i'L  .e,-  u  s. ,  ,\u  ::■  -i: '...:■  r.'.sr  ;.  nd  t  ;i-  cl.iV  c;irn.-'l  aw-i.y.  i^ueale  Lie  ^'r.tvel  ;i{iil  s.im; 
now  iliat  once  was  in  tiie  water-K;i.p.  Th*:-  line  on  the  map  that  marks  the  southern  linjit  of  sun  i 
and  trravel  .should  be  extended  much  further  east  and  west. 

4r  How  many  hours  a  day  do  you  work?  The  rivet?  How  old  are  you?  The  present  riv^'r 
may  be  30  i>')0  years  old.  Do  yi'U  worK  harder  some  days  than  others?  When  does  tht'  river  wor^c 
hardest? 

45  .-Vll  streams  from  the  trreat  Mississippi  down  to  the  smallest  road-side  eutter  wovk  on 
the  same  plan.  What  has  been  said  of  F  is  true  of  all  curves.  An  ox-bow  may  measure  ten 
miles  on  the  Mississippi  and  a  half  inch  on  the  school-fround.  When  you  see  a  horse-shoe,  re- 
member that  e-enrration  afffr  treneration  of  such  curves  may  have  existed  at  the  same  place. 
The  river  is  very  busy,  hut  j'lst  think  of  the  work  it  has  to  lio. 


REMARKS. 


A  liranch  pre-slacial  stream  has  been  traced  from  a  point  east  of  Lima,  south-west  on  a  line 
passing  just  west  of  Cridersville  and  throu>rh  Wanakoneta,  thence  to  join  the  other  buried  cliau- 
ucl  just  east  of  New  Knoxville.     Place  this  third  channel  on  .your  county  map. 

The  pre-Klacial  Little  Miami  is  thou^'ht  to  have  tiowod  up  the  present  valley  by  that  name 
to  a  point  west  of  Xenia,  thence  across  to  the  Great  Miami  at  Tippecanoe,  thence  on  a  line  just 
east  of  Troy  and  Piriua.  thence  just  west  of  Herlin  and  Minster,  thence  to  the  north  of  Ct.'lina 
from  where  it  has  beer,  traced  to  a  point  north  of  Marion.  Ind.    See  eour.tv  map. 

The  other  buried  stream  probably  flowed  through  St.  l*aris  (west  of  Urbana)  throut,'h  Anna, 
ju.st  south  of  New  Knoxville.  through  the  St.  Marys  reservoir  to  join  the  second  .stream  mention- 
ed above,  in  the  reservoir  just  east  of  C'elina.    See  county  map. 

T'he  tigtires  on  the  n:ap  just  west  of  Wacakoneta.  on  the  river,  are  wiH. 

James  R.  Albach.  author  of  Annals  of  the  West,  \S:u.  writes  of  an  Indian  that,  on  tliree  dif- 
ferent occasions,  dischur^-'ed  from  his  bow  an  arrow  which,  after  peiforatim.'  otie  buOalo.  kilh(.l 
another.  This  is  a  measure  of  muscular  stren^'th  and  shows  the  possibilties  of  the  bow-and- 
arruw. 

The  last  paces  of  this  history  were  published  abotit  one  year  after  the  tirsi  ones  appeared. 
The  F.riMta  corrects  s'mie  ej-rors  in  elevations  as  u'lveii  on  tlie  second  and  third  pa;.'es. 

The  ti.trures  at  the  rii-'ht  on  pages  ys  and '.t^' refer  to  the  writers  manual  on  -One  lluiiflred 
Rocks".    The  fulio«ins,'  niis-'ht  be  added  to  llie  list  ou  iiiiire  \0: 

in?,     Round  Iviver  pehhle.     41-a. 

104     FkU  River  Pebble,     li-e. 

I(j.')    AiiirularlWaeial  pebble.    4  1-b. 

On  pa>.'-e  SVl  Nos.  77  and  >  sliould  read  ; 

77     Diorite.    e'i-b.     White  feldspar  and  honibhMide. 
7S    Uiabase.     ;.'".i  e.     Wiiite-  feldspar  and  greenstone. 


ERRATA. 


couRF.PT  in?:  sPELi.ix(;  of  THK  FOT.LOWINO.  ' 

(Figures  refer  to  pages.) 

1,  7,  in,  'JO,  mussel.  11,  Iruliaus.  12,  buhrs,  liistDric  times,  l','}, 
BliLckhoof,  b^hawnees,  Iro(iuoian.  ICTawa.  ^xjmpa.ssiljle.  jl),  tlivough. 
05,  reck(>ued,  Uelawares.  7'o,  with.  M),  ancestral.  102,  east.  lOo,  and 
India.     10"),  jumped.     lOG,  pebbles. 

WUITK  THE  WORDS  IX  THK  FIRST  COLUMN  I\  XnR   PL.\CK  OF 

TrniSK  IX  TITK  SF.CCXl). 

52 ninety  47.     that  it  is that  is 

lis one  bundi-ed  forty  48.  Indian    tribes    il.'itli    line    from 

10^ one  hundred  thirty  from  bottom  i Indian:-* 

near  Fry Inirg.  .east  of  St.  .lohns  49.     established complf^ted 

•?52 52G  54.  .Tudm'  Burnett. .  .Judge  Murray 


32 

;vj 

40 
41 
41 
4  2 
[?, 
45 
45 

4. 

40. 
40. 


47. 


11. 

15. 


Old   World Siberia  GO. 

( )ld  World.  .  .  .northern  Siberia  GO. 

country county  GO. 

ccunty .  .  [12th  line,  top]  country  71 . 

seventy twentv  7o. 

l.njM) i\J,(  oO  75. 

thirty-six tweuty-six  78. 

station places  80. 

up  the  Miami.  .  up  the  Maumee  n3. 

Red  Jacket Blue  Jacket  ^4. 

1788  [Wash,  co.j 178G  94. 

five four  95. 

1794 1784  97, 

he we  99. 

driven drove  99. 

1791 .1781 


thirty-six thirty 

and  most most  and 

1818  treaty  [of  St.  Marys  I    1817 

The  township ' It, 

1818  [treaty  of  St.  Marys]   lsi7 

grave graves 

Shawuees  were.  .Sliawnees  was 

hither [first]  thither. 

Charles James 

Chaides Ja^nes 

20 [for  schist  I  21 

chart charts 

lOO.     T.  &().  C C.  &N.  W. 

rock [No.  97]   rocks 

albite. .  .(No.  77,  781  orthoclase 


102.  maps map 


IX  SOMF,  WAY  MARK  OUT,  OMIT,  THE  FOLI.OWTX(J 

"x"  in  Esquimaux  41.     Its  northern  boundary,  etc. 

[middle  of  page]    THE  SHAW-  44. 
NEES  57. 

our  Shawnee  chief  88. 

the   Shawnee   chief    from   Au- 
glaize 

INTKRLIXE  THE  PART  IX  QUOTATIOX  MARKS. 


Our  SI '.aw  nee  chief 
probably  blue  Jacket 
figures  "2"'  and  "3" 


the  water  "of  another  stream"  48. 
divided 

appear   in    "eastern"    America  51. 
until 

At  the  ".second"  treaty  of  Al- 
bany 5G. 

of  Loramie  "wlrich  is"  near 

between  tlie  Maumeti  "and  the 
St.  Marys"  while  the  St. 
Marys 

PLACE  : 

"b"  b'fore  "Polished  Stone".      47. 
"1"  before  "Not  Stennned".         59. 

115 


Write  "in  Auglaize  count v 
many  a  tinie",    near  picture-. 

Write  "Simon  brother  of" 
James  C-Jirty,  as  title  under 
])icture 

Write  "in  Auglai/c  county 
many  a  time",  near  the  pic- 
ture. 


comma  before  "and",  not  after, 
conima  after  "1 8J 1 "',  not  before. 


INDEX. 


—17X4. 
42,  .V! 


Aires  of  Man.    :Mt 

A>,'OOU-lf:k.     i 

At-riculcuie.    9,  In.  U,  C^,  ;>!. 
Al^'Oiiquius.    iT,  31.  .■.:■.  .'il,  r^.  Wl  Si 
Allen,  col.     09 

AniTuals.    -(-11,  ]f').  IT.  20.  -JI,  20.  .'A  To.  sy  -  i>:i 
Applesfed,  Jobnnv.    71.  72 
Arniv.     -'ly.  tjl-c-") 

Arrow  PonUs.     II.  1V17.  19-21.  21.  2% 
Aijj4hu'/.c  l.'our.ty.     iui-ln-; 
Uentriil  point.    29.  i)0.  or 
C.'bief  <  ;at'r.vay.     2>,  .'il 
Cliiinied  liy 

Xor-.L'm'::i— l''i'>'J.    i.J 

Sp;Uri-M:t2.     25 

Kngianil— Cubois-U'.C.     2"i 

Eufrland  — I.oiia<.>n    and   Plymouth  Com 

puny— ICiiG.     2'> 
F'i'a,iK-e — LuSalle--ii)ii;i--17i>i.     2i) 
Miiimis.  before  17011.    i;; 
Wv.in;iAr^   ■.-  •;■  17  ill.      ':;    m 
t  r.i!. ■:.(.•— i^'-u. I  Piuf-.-N  iiuri',-ii-  I7^;).     vo 
Kntrlish— c;;st--17"-I.    :!0 
Yirtjiniu, — 17iVi.    :l'J 
Quebec-- 176-').     :;ti 
isoutctou^t  fouutv.  Va.— I7iii».    :>; 
lUinoi.s  county.  Va  -K7S.     :;r 
Stiawrii-t->.— irN2      '/i) 
United  State.s--i7S:{ 
Virjjinia  cedi'd  it  to  l^.  S.— 17><4.     -It) 
Ordinance  of  17?7.     41 
Hamilton  county,  partly 
Wayne  cciuiity.  17!i(;.    .",:! 
Obio  Territory-    l>'"i.     .^4 
Onio  State -1.^02.    ."4 
Enfrhind  in  War  of  l^l2.    .>> 
SurroundiPitr  countii's.  tili  I^IS.    S2 
Au;-:lai/.e  eoi;>iiv--  l^l* 
In,  Near,  or  l'as-ie<l  TliroHijh  fAu;4-Iaize.) 
I.aSalle-lo.;!i.    -.v, 
Frencb— 172'>.    :.'h 
French  at  Wapakoiif  tu  — 174'<.    2s 
21)0  Fre!i''b  anil  :;.")  In  lians  a>;ainst.    Ki;:,'- 

lish  at  Loramie— 174!t.  29 
Gist.  Christopher— 17.'>-.  Hu 
2.j0  Indians    and  French)  to  destroy    the 

Kng.  at  Loranaie  — I7.V.'.  ;U 
Indian  warriors  before  and  after  tiattle 

of  Piqua  -!7fi-2.     :1J 
Danif  1  Hoone.  a  prisoner— l""!.    .'IT 
t;ai  Cuuadians   besides    Indians  a;.'ains1 

rCeiitucky  setth-rs  — ITsi).     ;w 
.Simon  iliriy — 17-i;.    ;'.s 
ItjiMi  soldiers  unler  Clark    aj,'ainst   the 

Shawae-'S— I7Su.     '^'-t 
lO-'v)    Iveiitiieky    soldiers    at;ainst     the 

Sltaunt-c>>-  17>2.     ■'■\i 
Hid  }!ritish   and    Ite.liaris    from   Canada 

a<.'ainst  Iventwi-Kv— ]7^_'.    :;'.< 
15o  Kentucky  .soldiers  destroy    I..oiaraie 

I7s2.    ■.;■) 
."Ai"  Kf'ntacl.v  soldiers  ayainst  Ihe  Shaw- 

nees     1T>„.     II 
Kentucky     soldiers      under      F.dwards 

ajjiiinst  the  Shawnees— i7S9.    41 
Tecuin.>'>h— ITiM.     i:'. 

14  Id  .-.oi.iier.N  uiiiicr  Hariuar  as'ainst   tlie 
.MiuiiU-,— 17h'/.     U 


SU)  soldiers     undei-    Scott    a^'ainst    the 

Miauiis— 17i<l.     IJ 
Wilkinson's    armv    sent     against     the 

Miamis— 17iil.    42 
I4011  soldiers  under  St.  Clair  def.'-ated    at 

Ft  Reeoveiy— 17HI.     4:; 
901)  soldiers  under  Wayne,  after  his  \ie- 

tory— 17<.ii.    4.'>,  47. 
Oeneral  Ihirrisun  -!<!■„'.     'I'l 
:!i)0o  soldiers  und'-r  li.irrisoii.     War  or 
l,q2.    o;5 
Map  of.     tiW) 
Cruss-s<'ctioa.    9ii 
KnK'lish  at  I^oramie— ]7h*.     •'Id 
Frencb  on  Autrlaize  and  St.   Marys  -I7IS.     :!.\ 
In  WdT  of  isi'j      tw 
Oriranized.  ls|S.     82 
Kevolutionary  soldiers  buried  in.    :47 
Under  yapor,  ocean,  air.  drift,  lake.     1.  2  '.', 
Auiriaize  river.    :i.=).  :i7.  4C.  4t).  .">■'>.  .Mi,  iVJ— 1».  i',') 
A.  ...■d-..-t.     b".' 
Axes.     lu-J^ 
Hud  Bird.    4'j 
Harbce.  Col.     i)0,  dl 
Harrintrton.  Richard,     lii) 
lJattl*-s:     9X 

Uoramie.     ?,\.  :{2 
Piqua.    :I2,  :i.") 
1774.     :W 

Ilamar's  defeat.     41 
St.  Clair's  defeat. 

vVayne's   victurv.     4.'i.  Hi.   IT,  .'iI.  Ci.  77. 
Thames,    ."d.  .'d,  i'/.. 
Tipiiecaiioc     .",7 
Detroit.     ••].  1.4.  lYi 
Haisin.    Ill 
Ft.  Mei:.'s..     r,:l 
N'ew  Orleans,     (it.  r,.') 
Lundys  L.-uie.     tVi 
Beans.     20 
Beard.     Id 
Pears.     84.  92.  9:; 
Bea\ers.     •■),  til).  M.  02.  ();', 
Beirvman  Wm.     71 
Birds.     17 

Black-  liawk.     L'T.  «.; 
Klacl<hoof.    27,  ;{•}.  :;i. 

7.i.  77,  «4 
Black  Swamp.    .'H/ 
Blew,  .Tno.     7:i 
Bleedins,'.     16.  21 
Block-House.     .V.*.  01.  i;2.  s.i 
Blue  .laeket.     'jr.  4U.  4_'.  Itl,  4'.' 
Boards.     21 

B,)ats.     2').  2S,  00.  -02,  li '..  t;.").  i;7, 
B.jone,  Daniel.    .17    :i9 
P.oulders.     2:4—21,  94,  ^^'> 

Boundary.    27.  'J^i,  :!u,  H.i.  )o,  47.  ^O.  ->'l.  .':l  r,i,  S( 
Bow  utid  Arrow.    V.:.  \i).  2'i 
Buwdle's  .-hurch.     iu! 
Bovs.     12 
Br.iildock.      .31 

Bribery.     .5.5  » 

BriflUhorn.    02 
Biitisti.     »;),  .5S-130.  r.:!— 01 
Bron/.e  Aae.     11.  12 
Buckintrelar.     .5! 
Buckland.    71,  102 


41).  ')L  y..  .tK,  02.  fi.".-07.  74. 


.-,1).  5.";..'d,  &'.. 
00.  102.  II.' 


116. 


intjkx. 


117 


Buffaloes,    i):; 

Burial..    73 

Burke.  Gc.ort:e.     So 

13in-netl.  Jud^re.     5.;,  .'il. 

Cahot-s.     '.'.i 

Caldwell.  Maj.    :!ii 

Canal.    -JS.  .il.  tit;.  6S.  »>;•,  7(1.  81.  S2.  x4.  3('..   10  i.  101 

10-2 
Canoe.     ;5,  :>t 
("anyons.     ■< 
Capitals-    :t" 

Captain  Jobnny.     iii,  77,  7ti. 
Captive>.     •'>■> 
Catabas.    :'j'2 
(battle.     71.  « 
I'aves.     '■).  til'.  S'! 
CaveMeu.     h 
'  'fliiia.     2.  3.  i.  SI. 
Ct;  liars.     A^i 
Ceri'mo'.iies.     17 
Cessions.     V.i  V..i,  .52.  ")1..5->.  .'>" 
Cberokees.    :'i2 

Chipuewas.     oi.  i'X  -I.!.  4i;.  IS.  41'.  7;» 
Chipped  Jlini  insti-umeuts.     11.  12.  2."..  24 
I'hildreu.     OS 
C'hurehes.     62.  77.  .sj,  S2 
Cinciunati.    ."ii,  5:5.  ■")1.  y<j 
C.  H.  &  D.  R.  R      2S,  S2 
Cities.     10 

Civilization,     y.  iu,  2-1.  2;.  -^.   V)  I.',.  4,5.  ti'>  7^ 
Clams.     7 

r'.,<.i-k,  'Jen.     ■>—)].  17 
Clay.    S 

Clay  townsliip.     5.  77 
Clearin^r.     20,  21 
Cliff  Dwellers.    8 
Climate..    2.  4.  7.  9.  12.  25.  .!7.  4-'>.  sm 
Clothing'.     20.  25.  2.S.  o2,  4S.  7i.  Wi 
Collins.  Cap.    tJ4 
Coiumous.  :5.  2-5 
Confederacy.    .>)— ■j.S. 
<."oii>titution  of  Oliio.     iv; 
Copper  iinpietnents.     11.  12 
Corn.    It,  2,(.  21.  3J.  41,  12.  +f.  4tj.  s;. 
Cornplanter.     40 
Cornstall:,  :-;0.  Sr,  ~6 
Council.     40.  .Xi,  .52.  .50.  67.  77 
Council  House.    :;i;,  7o.  S4 
Counties; 

Alien.     iiS.  St 

Aut'laiiie.     dS,  S4  , 

Boutctoust.    ."W.  St 

Hamilton.     43.  o-J 

Illinois.     .37.  84 

Mercer.     47.  Hs.  .84. 

Wayne.     5:!,  84 
Crane,     4!4.  .5t) 
Crawford.     62 
Crops.     IK,  42.  75.  tiO 
Cruelty.    6.5 
Dancing-.    70.  75.  76 
Declamation,  fiiv.     :>3.  .'6.  s.5.  S7.  8S 
•■Deup-Cut."    101 
Deer.     ?.7.  7.5.  70.  Kl 
DetJance.     20,  40.  47.  Xi.  .5i.  lio.  62-'',l 
iJelawares.  2:!, .'.!,  :i5.  :!i;.  40.  4>;.  IT— 51    05.   '»7.    '■', 

77.  70 
Debate:     Indians    vs     Wnites.     1.  2.  .5:!.  ii;i.  6T. 

7.3-70.  8»;:  and  see'  •■tr'^alies.  ' 
Detroit    49,  .51.  5:i  5s.   ;;» 
Discovery    i5.  20,  00. 
Disease.     Ui.  11.  2:!.  25, -55.  liO 
Doctor    21 
Dress     70 
Drunk-enii'-ss    .5.5 
Duchouquet  Township    0.  76 
Duchomjuet,  Francis    02.  74 
Oiidley,  Gov.    00 


Daj^'outs    20.  6).  6:; 
l-arth.  a>:e  of    1 
lOducaiion    41 
Kdwards    41 
Kel-rivers    48 
Elephant    4.  0.  7.  !»l,;i:'. 
Klevation    :> 
Elliotts.     .52 
K;!ioit.  Capt.  Jnu    7:'> 
Kuemies    0 
Eu^rlish  and  Kng-land 

0.5.  60.  68,  80 
Kries    32,  ;<J,  70.  84 
Esquimau.x    :!,  4.  8.  i',  12,  V).  2.5 
E.\-peditious.     :)y.  41.  42 
Explorations    2o,  30.  :i2   i', 
Eallen  Timbers    45,  47.  4s.  .51 
Farmers    43.  70.  ,81 
Fire    16.  20.  21.  27,  41.  12.  8:!,  S4 
Fish    7.  16,  Ul.  2),  2S 
P'ive  Nations    ;;2.  3:! 
Flint    II.  1.5.  10.  2:;.  21 
Floods    2—4.  S:!.  00 
Fiour    60.  61.  Ol),  loo,  iOl 
Forts: 

.\dam.^     I.it4     45.  47 

Amanda.  1813    20.  40.  50,  5:i,  40,  tin. 
71,  84 

Aut'laize.  1748    28,  I'A.  84 

Barbec.  !>^i:!    t:L, '.'2,  0'^,.'y_ 

Defiaiiee.  1791    45.  17 

Deposit.  \~:-ti     45  47 

Jenr.  ii;,^--^.  ■■_' 

Eoramie.  1704    47.  51 

MciR.-,    (-,3 

Piqua    32  ,, 

Recovery.  1703    i:i,  I'i.  .50.  5f  .",1' 

St.  Marys.  i;0">     17.  .51,  :!]  ^ 

->2t;vriwix    7?, 

\Va\ne,  1704    29.  :32.  42.  ^7.  47.  50.  .51 
62.  04.  00 

.50,  60,  01,  (!2,  61.01 
Frakes  OS 

B''raiut'  and  French      28,  4>.i.  52.  5.!.  51, 
Francis,  Miss.    88 
Fraud.    74.  70 
Frybur^.    2.  4.  lol,  102 
Fur.    2S.  71.  i*2 
Game.     \u 
Games.     20.21 
Gardner.     i.;-75 
(ieneraliiip.     lo,  C, 
Geology,  a^es.     in-l 
Genius    11 

German  township.    77,  81 
Giriy.  Simon.    ■i».  ;!y.  41.  48.  51,  .52.  00 

.James.    51.  .52.  00.  77.  70,  SI 

Geortre.    51.     Tbomas.    51 
Girty's  Town.    .51 
Gist.    30.  Vi 

G!acier>.    2.  3.  4,  8,  20.  87,  0:i.  lOI-lOO 
Gosben  township.    81. 
Government.    32,  :>:>,. :)7,  3:;,  41 
Go\cmors.    06 

Gravel.     24.  N,  ',i.5.  97.  UK';.  In7.  110 
Graves.     70 
J  real  Spirit.     .55,  7:'. 
Grr.'tnvillo  Treaty  Line.     10,  17- 19.  •V. 
Gunpowder.    12 
(iuns      2'i,  2S,  .31,  51').  0.5.  0.3 
Hair.    16,  37.  s;t.  Oti.  ic; 
Handles     10.  20.  24 
Hardship.    27 

Harmar.  Gen.     (1.  42    I  .  I'i.  51.  .;, 
Harriso.'i.  G<-n.    ,54,  .5.i-i.4.  '•'!.  »7  ^4  '" 
Uarvey.     18.74 
tbiHth-^nu'.  John.     ;o 
Hi-liii.  H'-nrv.    7.i 


2,  5:i.  .54,  -Vi,  :t>'\  h-l  0,1, 


llN 


INDEX. 


l^t-M.  ■]:;.  Ol.-x 


Hiawatha.    ;>'.',  U\'t 

Ho^'s.    74,  S.I  <■!» 

}IOK  C'rtbW.    61}.  71  fl 

llora>\     ii.  11.  •■;•.'.  Si.  i-l  .Vi.  iW.  70,  S!.  !f2 

Hoist's.     42.  4:;.  4S,  -.4.  -'li^,  tWi.  IW.  7t;.  i»J.  !«. 

Horse-shoes.     Im^.  112 

Houses-    Til.  7.1.  .-l.  !)-2 

Houston,  .^;imufl.    T_'.  \V.  A.    lis 

Hull,  Geu.    .'.s.  .'y.  r.-,' 

Hunu'T.     11.  !<s 

Hu.'itinL'.    9-11.  \fi.  ■::>.  ■2l--^.y  :tl.  i(i.  4vt.  .V).", 

77.  0:; 
Huron-Iroi|Uois.    :i2.  .V!.  si 
l(v  At,'f.     '2-1.  M,  lol.  111*." 
Ic'-'OL-r'-'s.    :', 

Immisrraiioii,    2.=>.  29.  oo.  .%•; 
[miiltinfiils.    <).  Id.  I.'.  I.vl7. 
IruHi'.iis.     ly,  11,  >o,  >^7,  ■<s,  ii:; 

,Uiui»i)iiahL.s.    V),  ?r-     - 

liivC'iitiou,     !•-' 

iron,    -iii 

IrouAf-a'.     11 

Iroqmn'.s.     :<_'.  40.  .'ij.  .'):;.  7-1  7'.».  S  4 

.liU'kv.m.  tien,    lil 

Jiii-kso!i  lownship..     77.  so 

JumesUiwn.    !'•"> 

Jciii'rsou,  Thos.    .")4 

Ji'iitiin^rs,  Col,     liO,  fi'i 

J<ihii>on,  Col.    -Vi.  i;.;,  fil.  7:^.  77.  7ri 

:-\"::  .f|.-'i -ih.     i'7 

K>'aTi.  l-Minvind      9^> 
Ki.'iK  Puilip.    iT 
Iviiilf.    J.V17.  19 
Ko.ssuih.     4,  '3',  0<i,  H)2 
U;ii'';iv<-:re      lo 

]y.\ii-:  t:i-ie'.    .VI.  ■,.;.  w 
L;kke  Wabash,    ■.'. .:.  4.  101 
L.  R,  A  \V.     Uj- 
Lan^u:iL'<v     -ll 
LaSalW'      2'-.,  27.  :;". 
Luyton,     ]i'2 
Lowistown.     i\>\  77,  ";• 
IJrut'-^tone,     1.  n.  m;{.  i.t:, 
Little  Tunlf.     .7.  :'■ !.  42'. 
LiviriiT.  luiikini.'  u.     '» 
IjOckini-'ton,    2.  'i''i 
Lo-/:t,Ti.    '-Wi.  lyj.  i:'>.  ("■..  ri. 
I,,Oi.-an.  (.'oi.     41 
LoKan  to'.vnshi)).     ri 
Lnrdraic.     2S-.;J.  :ls  40.  4 

('><;.  78.  84.  H<> 
-Maclean,  J.  P.    9ii 
Mad  River.    .14.  :is.4i.  4i» 
Mav'iiiHic  needlf      I07 
.Mauimotl).     4.  S;*.  90.  !i|.  In:; 
Man.     1,  ;!,  10:; 
Mai:,     100.  11-j 
Marriaye.     XI 
Massassowii.    27 

Mastoilon,     4,  >ii,  v,J,  iH),  91.  !)2.  KlO-Kti 
.Matches,     Ifi 
.'^I.uiT-i.'cCicv.     r^j.  ""J-^il 

.siiiUMi-i-  river,     .*7-24.  ;'.i-41.  Iii.  47,  .'il.  ,"1!!.  r,(i.  \it\ 
.Mrs-'oiln'rium.    iC 
McKees.     :').'.  i».  i^o.  711 
Ml-Jvc'c.  Tbos.  72 
MeJifiue  .M:in.     20 
MerL-.-r  i-onui.v,     17,  IVS,  .<! 
.Miarnis.    27-:^'., :;-.  l')  4.{,  4').  4S-.V'..  ')7.  5s.  tj.i.  r.7.  (;■ 

^;i.  SI 
Miami  river-    :',.  2ti-2s,  :!7,  :;!i  41 
.M!_:ratiou.    i;,.'{4. 
.Mil'jer,  «'ol     i>i 

.Mills,     ft.  12.  Hi. -iO.  21.  2t.  i;i».  72.  Ml.  »2 
M;nstor.     2'.'.  77.  114 
Jilis-i.ins.    ;S.: 
.M.n;.-v.     iJ.  ?'0 


4.'..  4t;.  4((.  ,M,t;7, 


r,  IK, 


Is 


Montcalm.     :!1 

Moo.se,     92 
i  Moraine      2-,'i.  X.  s»,  1+2.  S7,  loi»,  Kit 
■  Mosquiios,     92 
j  ^loiUton  township,     ,5,  77 
I  Mounds,     i>-12 
;  Muehi'nippi,    :; 
I  Murdi)cU.".N',  A.  and  .Tno.    71 
;  Murray.  Charles.     :>l.  ,'.2,|,"i4,  i;s.  .s;?,  )«I4 
:  Mussel  Shells.    1,7.  \i\,  -jo 
;  Myres.    iis 
i  New  Hreuitii,    2,  4.  2!t,  si   ■(.:.  i(i|.  n,-.' 

Newiorn .     4^' 
;  Xew  Hutiip-,hire.     si 
I  Ni'v/  Know  ilJe.     (J,  -:>,,  \  \  1 

Xorsemc-n.     X  2,'i, 
I  Northwest  Tijrritorv.     il,  ):.  ".:'..  .it,  .\s 
'  Ohio.     4vi,  ■'*!.  .')4,  -■>,').  s4. 
I  Ohio,  Che.    4;<,  "iii,  ;V),  .')7.  lUi.  \h\ 

Ohio  CoiDpaiiv,    ;!1 
!  Oil,     81,  lu2 
!  Old  Kritain,    2'.i,  :>1,  -Vi 
{  Old  Town.     t;i,  7s 

U)rators.  orations,     lit.  :;.'.,  :!i;.  i_'.  .Vi.  n7, 
I  (-)rdtnaute  of  17s7.     11 
i  Ornaments.     Ii.  l,'>,  21,  2.!,  24,  2s 
j  Osceola,     .sf, 

j  Ottawus.    :>;.  34,  :i.s,  40,  4:',.  1 
I  Ottawa  Town-,,     '>:; 
.  Ox-I>ows      livi.  il_V  !|:; 

I  )yst..Ts.     7 

Paint      20,  2'i.  .iT.  41.  7r, 
j  I'anlher.     S4.  cc; 
j  >*atriotism.    :;:!.  |:{.  ,Vi.  71.  7'. 
j  Pec-caries.    ;i:i 
!  i'en.-plain.     loii 
;  Perry,  Com,     •;> 
i  PicU--iwillanv.     2^i..-',2 
i  Pictures;     7 
'  Pioni'ers.     ."iS.  ti") 
I  F^uqua.    :fl.  :n.  .',:>.  42.  ui.  .'i:'. 
I  PoaKue.  Col.     til-iU 
'  Poc-aliontHs      27 
.  I'liliceriien.     12 
i  Polished-stoiH.'  Implen 
i  lV)nl.iac.     27.  hi.  .'i7.  7',i 
1  I'opulation      it,  2:..  2">  -J 
1  Post  Oftic.    r!2.  7::.  si 
;  Pottawattomies. 
'  Prairie.    7 
[  Pnsoni.'r.s.     :'o.  41 
I  Proctor.    H2.  tj-; 
i  Provisions.    .">i» 
I  Pueldos.    s 
I  Pumpkins.    20 
(  Pusbeta  township,    ti.  '^1 
I  Qualcers.     4S.  72.  71  ,"7.  sii.  .si 
j  Qu;ii-ries      Id 

Hailrotids.     -)s.  S2.  s;!. '.I.'! 
I  Rapids.     lOH 
j  Rations.     60,  H5 
I  Re(l  Jacket.     ti7 
'  Reindcr     <V2 
'  UfU-s.     I'l.  12 
'  l-;'-li;.'loa.     7^1 
j  Remains.     2."),  .Sit.  ho 

i  Reservations.    .'lO.  .■)1,  .i2,  <>■>,  tW.  7it,  7->,  7<i,  .S2 
!  Reservoirs.  St.  .M:irvs.     1,  ,;.  ;,  im;.  i"i9,  70.  si.  sj. 
I      'Mi.  I'd.  102 
I         I-ewiston.    '.tt;  I02 
'  Loramie.    Uii.  U)2 

!  Kid'.'es.     -i-;-).  ft,  9,  m2  , 

I  liiii'-iiarts  I'ross  11 


4:;  41' 


12. 


us.     ln-12 

I'.t: 

"il.  :;:!,  .")0,  ■; 

2  7:i 

l.S,  lit.  (;7 

R..'aas,    4;,  b'.i.  t>2.  G' 
Rock  ford,    til),  t'd 
Hoc!..  N      94,  9:,,  9S.  9; 
i:o:i;iilhe;id,     (i2 
R'irt      ■27-2y 


is,     11 2 

'1,  lis,  '.)l,  y'l 


INUKX. 


119 


Rusisoll.  Atldrew      71 

Suutu  Fe.     lu'^, 

Si.  Clair.     U-i''.  4.S.  .51.  '\i 

•St.  Johns.     ;5.  4,  T.i 

SI.  Miirys:  Lake  Wa'.iii-h,  •.':  fioiirrtrs.  :;: 
Rid^n.  4:  ^V;^t^•^-i;;lp.  -':!:  supplu'^  ibroiit^h. 
:2«.  ti'i. -IT:  Giriy.  i\.y,.  W/iViir.  47:  roer- 
vatiun.  -iO:  .Mui'ias'.  -'c*.  ns:  on  (.wutAhiry.  .'>■,': 
JiidiTe  Burr.vtt.  ;"i4;  (icii.  Hunt^uu.  5>.  .'iv'.  I'lii. 
t)4:  bloci>luai->e.  f-ii):  -J.  oo  >OiUiei>.  muU-r  .lohii- 
son.  .■)'!;  on  tiuseiiii*'  of  vupplif^.  'i',);  bud 
roads.  tiO:  in >ops.  ui.  iiX.;  raiious.  «;(i:  Cul 
Barbee.  'i''':  Coi.  Jeniiin>.'>.  iW:  boats,  t;ii: 
trt/iiiy.  Kiii:  OoVf-rtior.-..  r.r,:  K:ilo-.:tab.  <',7: 
Lr.id  out.  IV8;  iraUiiiK-i.xjNl,  Tu:   uursiry.  71 


n.  :i(),  •!.■;.  41.  4'J.  -VJ.  *' 


49.  r.!,'. 


■()..')) 


iii  Is-I.  ~'2:  count', 

si-at.  .^;i:   Kit-vati.iii.   ;»i;   tS 

■Ji'.  :-o.  4".  i:..  !■■•.  47.  '.i.    ;'.  i> 

.Sult-m  l(r.»  n-a.p      si 

S:tlt-lu-k.     s:i.  <Ki 

Siva-'es      '.l.:'4 

SL-huo!.     48.  .si.  ^  I 

Si-iriU).  ihe.    ;i.  ■-  :.  -.'S.  :u.  !m.  41' 

Scot  I.  (ii.-n.     I'J.  4:i 

Scoit.  Samuel,    til,  (i 


si:    lost   cuniy 
M;iry.v  rivci-.  :JS. 


Sciit.-i-as     :<.•>. 


:i.i.  .'l',  4ii.  'fl.  n4. 


.Scul'''ir)i'iiis.    'I.  J  I.  \tr,.  .'• 

SlKui'::/.      17.  ■:u.  -7 
.-^,::.  ...     .i.    N.       -'• 

.vhawiiff^      :.L'.   .4-4  ;.  4'' 

.si.  sj.  -.-,.  s,-, 
Sbell  Pruplc       1,  7-!».   1-' 
Sliennaii.  llrii.     .vl 
Skiiiiit'i-.  (I'lii):  .  and  .las 
SlaU'.     15.  -^4 
Sloth.    ^J 
Smiih.  '  ap.    24 
Smith.  Hf'arv  and  Mink 
Soil,     it,  liij.  iiiy 
Honjjs.    hi.  7ii 

Spc.U-  Hr^d>.        12.   11.  17, 

Sjicrch.     y>.  11. 4-.  Hi,  i'.' 

.Splitii.i:.     .'.2 

.SpruL-i.ji'.     sii.  s7 
spi-ii._'-     ■■ii..;: 
.Squaw-..     ■'•,.  -12.  is   .T.1.  7i 
Slalce.    ■'<■:. 
StaieciafL      In 
.statesnii'n.    .Vi 
.Stoil'i  A;-'e.      111:;.  St 
StriUe-aiire.     hi 
.Slrin>rs     2o 
sHrntri-'lf-     U 
.Sup<-T-.tition.     21.  2:'..  .'i4. 

Suppiii-s.    2H.  ^l;.  47.  .'lO. . 

Suair.p^.     4-7,  'i.  2!!.  42.  .V 
.Su'ishi-r.  N.     s; 
'I'apii-.     '.i:i 
Tarb-'.     77 
Ta.va-.     4(1,  -V).  7S 
TaM  V      72 
Trac'.'.i-s.     12.  sL 
Tcvums.dj      27.  42.  I-;, 


:w.  47,. VJ 


M.  2;!.  24 


.  Ijll.  til 

,")S  lU,.  >l').  SI. 


1)  2.  r.i-ti'i.  ii2. 1'.i.  (;.").  ))<;.  7.' 


'rt'.'th.     S9.i)2,  at 
'reiianl-at-will.    •I'l.  .'lii 
Turritones.    .54.  i>~^ 
Th«'  i'roplict.    .M'l.s.  !■,(». 
The  Su.'i.     4(1 
Thuiidfi-sioi-nis.    21 
Tune.  j<i.-olo>_'if.     1-4.  J2. 
'i'iplM?canoe.    .■.»i-t5^  .=)!! 
'fitle.     2;>.  ;i=i,  ■i\.K  40.  .V'.  .-, 
Ti'rii:ih;uvl;fd  .     ;;7.  .S; 
Tidii-.  and    vVPajions.    .1 
i>.  7.').  !'.■> 


).  Oti.  ti" 
.  i.'.i.  II. 


;<ii  4. 


n,  IV,.  r.i.  71 


'0.  Sl 


1:4 


'  Towns. 
Traditig  and    ti'ad^T- 

111.  fK  ;•;.  77. 7ti,  St 

Transporiatioi:.     ^s^.  >'*i.  ('.',•.  7i",,  M.  S2 
TreMtios:     2<).  4ij.  .')it.  •;7,  71. 

.Vlbany,  1<;?<4.    :i;.  :"),< 

Albany,  2d  treaty.  )74.<.  2.'« 

(.'amp  Cliarlotic,  1774      -*> 

•  'iintirmaiorv.  two.  17^;i.  y\ .  H:irnuir,     i\ 
Di-troit.  17i>l.     'U 

Fi\>-  Xailons.  with.  i;2i;.    :;:: 
Fori  Finney.  17^i;.    4li 
Fort  Mcintosh.  17^).     4i 
Fort  S;:tn\vi\.  17s4.     4". 
Fort  Wayne.  l.S'rfi.    .'it; 

•  jrccnvilip.  179.").     47-.")l. 
I..ancastcr.  1714.    :>! 
I.ot'--town,  I7.=i2,    :t'> 
l^oramic.  171s.    ,;ii 
Maunree,  1.SI7.     W.  tiT.  7^; 
iMuskinirniii.  17t>l. 
Ffiuis.  liiS'2.    -'ri 
Sl.  Mary>.  IslS.     uti.  7.1. 
Vini.'cniies.  IS'C'.    -^ 
WapakontUii:.  K!l      7:'. 

Turkeys.    .s4 
Fnion  tovvn,->hip.    77 
United  .SLale.-..     40.  .':!,  ',2.  .' !■ 
I'uper  Sandusky.    ii7 
VaUcv..     s.  !i:; 
ViliaK'e.^.     I'l   42.  I;i 
^'inci'i.oK-s.    .'i7.  -"'S 
Volunteers,     .V,i 
Watnisb  T'-ibe      11 
\Aa|>ak«>iiC'tii :     W  aiei'-trap. 

2:    icebcrt'-f.  ;i:   ridt;(^  4: 

Ft.  Aut,'lai/.e.  2is:   (.'ornvuil!-;.  ;'.r:  Shawnfcs. 

4(1:  Bhie.facket.  iii.  >\ry.  i^iuakers.  4s,.  .so;  on 

boundary,  .V'.:  The  Prophet.  ,Vi;  Tecuniseh. 

.'tr:     reservation,  litj.  '.7:  Coiuud!  ho\ise.  tiT. 

77:  tradint;  po>t    77:  post  urtici,.   7;;:  Cid. 

Johnson,    7^5:   treaty.    7:^:      lihv.'iclioof,    74. 

Cornsialk.  7'';  Cap,  Johnnv   7ti 
Wars:  :L').  ;;s.  4n.  .'lO.   Hlaek  Hawk.  .Iti.   h;ariy.  2.">: 

Piqua.  :;2;   Francb  and  Indian.  27.  2.s.  ;i),  ;<!. 

:'.2.  ;■!■").:■!().  .V2.  .54      Cust   v!  Indian   wars,   s:;, 

Loramie.  ;>1:   Uevoliition;iry.  .'17.  :>.  4't.  •")2: 

Seminole.  SO:  Failri]  TimbiTs.  ,il.  ,■,11,  'A.  52. 

•Vi.  .'vS.  .',■_'.  (it.  o.'i.  7,S 
Warriors.    7."i 

Wa-.hini.'lon  cilv      2(.  .")S.  74 
Wa-.lHnKtoii.  i.bMif-.-.    2s,  :;o, :;].  r:4.  :!.;.  :iT.  11.  4-1 

4.'<,  .'>1,  s:; 
WasbinK'tou  township      7''. 
Watfr-;.'aps.     2.-;,  !'7,  Hd.  Iii2.  114 
Watershed.     HC, 
Wayne  county.     7:; 
Wavne.  Gi.n.     2",  45-.5I.  .Vi,  .V,  ti:;.  iVi 
WayneMie!,r'-47 — --   ■■- — — -*= 


I.:.k.'   Wabash. 
ic.as;.jt:,.;ns.  .1:    h'l. 


24, 


Wayne  township.     'J.  47. 
Wftvweleapy.     'i.i.  74 
Weapons,    n.  ]].  !■_'.  l-').  2: 
W(  as.    1^,  (;7.  7S,  ;;» 

Whisky.     .->!.  (ill,  'V.I.  ,"ll 
Wilkinson,  Cen.     42.  1,'. 
Wiliiarusun.  I'rof.  r    W, 
Winches  er.  (.Jen.     li) 
WmiU'batros.    07 
Winneniac.    77 
WiteUeraft.    4s.  :V),  7;i 
Wolf,  Ceil.    :;i 
Woho.    7'i.  :s4.  ii2.  ii,5 
Wooden  .V^:e.     Ul:!,  lii 
Work.     10.111 
Worl:.-,bop.     2:!,  2} 
Wvandoti. 


70 


l^,  4  t,    1;!,  It).  H  ,'»!,  r^'' 


",  s,  s  1 


4100